MP SUCCESS

1
MP SUCCESS

• Phased out 95 of ozone-depleting substances in
  20 years
• Placed the ozone layer on a path to return to
  pre-1980 levels by 2065.
• Reduced climate emissions by a net of 135
  GtCO2-eq. from 1990 to 2010.
• Delayed climate change by 7-12 years (and by
  35-41 years if voluntary and domestic measures in
  the 1970s are taken into account)

2
Reason for Success

• Positive feedback loop between voluntary and
  regulatory actions
• Actions in progressive steps, inspired by
  Scientific Assessment and Technical and Economic
  feasibility, updated periodically

3
Voluntary Action before MP

• Initial Voluntary action due to
• Awareness, promoted by scientists, NGOs and
  media, of the danger to the ozone layer
• Signals from national regulations and policies
  that old technologies are out and those who are
  first with the new will win

4
Voluntary Actions Beyond Mandate of MP
Facilitated by

• Knowledge about the alternative technologies and
  their feasibility through Technology panel of MP
  and international and national industrial
  Associations
• Availability, to developing countries, of
  financial and technical help from the MLF of MP
  to formulate country programmes and policies to
  promote alternatives
• Involvement by stakeholders like multinationals,
  militaries, major national companies and NGOs

5
Regulatory Action-1

• International (MP) and national regulations
• Sent signal that ozone-safe technologies will
  have market
• Strength of signal dependent on the extent of
  width of consensus and depth of action
• In the beginning, width more important to
  convince all one that the important players of
  the world want ozone-safe technologies

6
Regulatory Action-2Start and Strengthen- Best
is the Enemy of the Good

• 1987 MP had mild measures to attract all.
• Strengthened 6 times, each time taking into
  account special interests of countries. Every
  time not the ideal solution but attracting many
  so that actions started by all.
• The actions stimulated innovators- Resulted in
  better products and proved wrong projections of
  economic loss and bad products if ODS were not
  used
• This reduced the resistance to deeper controls

7
Regulatory Action-3Tough features of MP

• Adjustment- Once a control measure is in place
  for an ODS, strengthening controls for that ODS
  decided by MOP with a prescribed majority and is
  binding on all the Parties
• Trade controls with non-Parties- no trade in ODS
  and no import of products with ODS and with
  non-complying Parties- to discourage
  free-riders

8
Regulatory Action -5Assisted by TechTransfer,
Multilateral Fund

• Tech transfer provided for in MP (no guarantee),
  funded by the MLF
• Written indicative list of incremental costs of
  developing countries to be met by MLF
• list covers costs of tech transfer, training and
  incremental costs of equipment
• Though not in the list, MLF covers National ozone
  units, awareness, Info, preparation of policies
  and regulations
• Knowledge Networks of NOUs and regular meetings
  along with developed countries

9
Unorthodox action by MOPs-MLF

• Finance preparation of country programs for
  developing countries- setting time lines for
  programs, many better than the mandated ones
• Financing of developing countries started in
  1991, though control measures started in 1999.
• Periodical replenishment of the MLF calculated by
  TEAP objectively- approved by Parties without
  much change
• TEAP recommendations based on country programmes
  and targets

10
Unorthodox action by MOPs-MLF Governance

• MLF administered by 14-member Executive
  Committee, 7 each from developing and developed,
  elected by MOPs every year
• Chairmanship rotates between the groups
• MLF contributed by developed countries in ratio
  of UN scales
• MLF focal point of assistance. Bilaterals allowed
  to contribute up to 20 through projects but need
  approval by ExCom

11
Unorthodox action by MP-Assessment Panels

• Assessment panels reporting at least once in 4
  years. Parties could express opinions but not
  change reports
• In practice, annual updating and reporting
• All Adjustments and amendments of MP and tech
  decisions on the basis of reports.
• Parties appoint Panel members but Members of
  sector Technical options committees selected by
  the co-chairs of the committees.
• based on panel reports. 6 times so far in 20 years

12
Regulation by MP

• Time bound control measures for all countries
• Developing countries are G-77 but with per-capita
  consumption less than some limits
• Developing countries given grace time
• Compliance of developing countries conditional on
  tech transfer and MLF assistance

13
Some Good points of MP not taken by Kyoto

• Adjustments and Trade controls with non-Parties-
  to discourage free-riders
• Non-Compliance procedure with emphasis on
  assistance, then cautions and with tough action
  of suspension of rights (including trade) if
  deliberate inaction. Procedure binding every
  Party
• Governance and replenishment of MLF
• Independent, frequent technical advice

14
Post-2012 institutions for Climate Change

• A restructured GEF on the lines of MLF with
  mandate to promote voluntary action, in addition
  to mandatory targets, help prepare Country
  programmes with voluntary bench marks, promote
  action by- MNCs, major national companies,
  Military, Assist in awareness, information,
  National climate units, Knowledge networking,
  policies and regulations, access to alternative
  technology,
• Sector wise expert (from Industry, Academia,
  Government) technical committees, independent in
  operation. Annual reporting

15
Many Ideas on Board for Kyoto. Why post-2012? Do
it Now

• Developed countries to continue their cuts.
• The voluntary commitments of developing countries
  can be based on no-lose, non-binding targets.
  Reduction of GHG emissions growth rates, Sector
  efficiencies
• Long term targets might be detrimental. Cost and
  potential of mitigation and the capacity of
  countries to respond are uncertain. Either
  unrealistically tough commitments or too soft
  ones.
• Follow the MP principle of start and strengthen
  periodically based on science and feasibility.

16
Many helpful factors for Immediate Action

• Many mitigation measures, that yield a good
  return to individuals and companies, available
• These also lead to less dependence on fossil
  fuels, access to advanced ways of using energy
  sources, better air quality (and thus health) and
  new market opportunities for industry
• Climate Change easy to understand by citizens