Referencing

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Title Referencing and Plagiarism Primary Theme
Other Module 1 Lecturer Dr Paula Roberts Last
Updated September 2005
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Referencing Plagiarism
Dr Paula Roberts Academic Conduct Officer Dr
Vince Cooper Deputy Academic Conduct
Officer School of Medicine September 2005
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Referencing Quotations

• Bibliography A source reading list, background
  reading which may have influenced you or been a
  source of inspiration or information. It is not a
  reference or reference list
• Reference Any piece of written material,
  published or unpublished to which a writer
  refers
• Reference List A list of the written material
  referred to or quoted in the essay

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Reasons for referencing

• It is courtesy to acknowledge source
• Helps reader locate original source
• Cross-referencing
• Evidence-based
• Indicates that you have not plagiarised work

Cottrell (1999)
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When to reference

• to cite source of theory, argument or view
• with specific information e.g. data
• when quoting
• when paraphrasing
• when inspired by others work / ideas

Cottrell (1999)
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The Author / Date System e.g., Harvard
Each time an author is referred to name and year
of publication appear in text Alphabetical
ordering in reference list - easy to consult /
add / amend Titles of books and journals are
initial capitalised and italisised Punctuation
is used e.g. in between initials e.g. Brown,
J.P., Smith, A.T.
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Harvard Referencing a book
One author in text As Mason (1997)
argues, In reference list Mason, G. (1997).
Theories of education. London Harper
Row. Convention Surname, initial. (year).
Title. Place of publication Publisher.
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Harvard Two authors
In text Holmes and Nelson (1997) found
that Holmes, J., Nelson, T. (1997). Crossing
the Atlantic. London Kogan Page.
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Harvard More than 2 authors
In text Forsythe et al (1997) argue that In
reference list Forsythe, P., Roberts, V.
Curtis, H. (1997). The marketing of education.
San Francisco Jossey-Bass.
All authors are listed when there are six or
less if more than six, only the first three are
listed and the expression et al.' is added.
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Harvard Author(s) publishingmore than once in
one year
In text As Bloggs (2001a) argues Bloggs
(2001b) found that (this refers to a different
publication published in same year by same
author) In reference list - listed in order of
being cited in text Bloggs, A. (2001a). The
time for change. London Routledge. Bloggs, A.
(2001b). Its now or never. London Palgrave.
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Harvard Edited Works
An author(s) chapter in an edited collection In
text Robson (1994) found that... In reference
list Robson, C. (1994). Analysing documents
and records. In N. Bennett, R. Glatter, R.
Levacic (Eds.), Improving educational management
through research and consultancy (pp. 237-247).
London Paul Chapman.
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Harvard Editions
If a book has more than one edition, make it
clear in the references which edition you have
used in reference list In text Weber (1990)
argues that In reference list Weber, R.P.
(1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Newbury
Park Sage.
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Referencing within sentences
If the authors name occurs naturally in a
sentence then the date of the reference can
follow without repeating surname e.g. As Clark
(1997) argues or Hewlett and Dyson (1997)
reported that If the authors name does not
naturally occur then the surname and the date
should be included in the sentence in brackets
e.g. as the results of a recent study have
shown (Lloyd, et al, 1996).
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Referencing Journals
In text as Oliver (1980) found Oliver, R.L.
(1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and
consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal
of Marketing Research, 17 (November),
460-469. Convention Surname, Initials. (Year).
Title of paper. Title of Journal. Volume, Number
or Issue, page numbers.
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Quotations
Should only be used sparingly, to quote speech or
text. Must be quoted exactly. E.g. Are you
ready for coffee? asked James? If leaving words
out use 3 dots e.g. As Wright (1997, p.43)
argues carefully designing a study and using
good measurement instruments will substantially
improve power. Use square brackets within a
quotation to add your own interpretation his
works were a major source of influencewithin
the Western world.
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Quotations
If quoting in text The measurement of school
effectiveness needs to be rooted within a
research-based tool (Goodson Watts, 1997,
p.319). Or As Goodson and Watts (1997, p.320)
argue effectiveness is a measureable
construct. In reference list Goodson, P.
Watts, C. (1997). School effectiveness
measured, Journal of Marketing Management, 6,4,
308-327.
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Quotations
If quote takes up more than three lines or fewer
than 40 words, include it in the body of the text
in double quotation marks. If quotation takes
up more than 40 words indent the whole quotation
and use double spacing (note - quotation marks
are not used in this format). Always cite the
author, year and page(s) in the text, with full
reference in the list.
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Quotations
For example As Flanagan and Spurgeon (1996)
argued all successful organisations must acquire
the capability to review continuously their
operations and activities and then seek to
improve upon any identified deficiencies(p.61).

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Quotations
For example Flanagan and Spurgeon (1996)
suggested that To be effective, a manager must
be able to match the requirements of the
situation in which he or she works. They may
well have the skills to recognise and meet
expectations, adapting as necessary. Equally,
it may well be chance that brings about a match
between expectations and job performance.
(p.42).
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Electronic References
For CD ROM references, retrieval information
should include the source of the information, the
name of the database, the title of the CD-ROM
(with release date), and the item no, if
applicable
For on-line database references retrieval
information should include the date of retrieval
(month, day, year) the source of the
information the name of the database and the
item no, if applicable.
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Electronic References
For on-line database references retrieval
information should include the date of retrieval
(month, day, year) the source of the
information the name of the database and the
item no, if applicable.

• World Wide Web sources should include the date of
  retrieval (month, day, year) the source of the
  information i.e. name of database, the item no if
  applicable, the URL of the website used, together
  with page number(s) if applicable.
• For example Sullivan, F., Wyatt, J.C. (2005).
  Is a consultation needed? British Medical
  Journal  2005331625-627 (17 September),
  Retrieved September, 21, 2005 from the World Wide
  Web http//bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/3
  31/7517/625

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Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged use
by a student of someone elses work and
presenting it for assessment as if it were the
students own. Plagiarism constitutes a form of
academic misconduct or cheating and includes but
is not limited to the following12.4.1
collusion, where a piece of work is prepared by
more than one student, including work deriving
from a piece of authorised collaborative
group-work, and is presented in whole or in part
for assessment as if it were the students own
work
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Plagiarism continued
12.4.2 the commissioning or use of work, either
published or unpublished, which is not the
students own and representing it as if it were,
without proper acknowledgement and citation of
the sources12.4.3 purchase, commissioning or
acquisition of work from a commercial service,
including internet sites, whether pre-written or
specially prepared for the student
concerned12.4.4 submission of a piece of work
written in whole or in part by another person
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Plagiarism continued
12.4.5 duplication of the same or almost
identical work for more than one module.12.5
For the purposes of these regulations, multiple
instances of alleged plagiarism in the same
module shall be deemed to be individual
offences.
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Plagiarism continued
The types of offence shall be12.8.1 Minor
offence.Minor offences may be characterised by
poor referencing, unattributed quotations,
inappropriate paraphrasing, incorrect or
incomplete citations, or up to several sentences
of direct copying without acknowledgement of the
source.
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Plagiarism continued
The types of offence shall be12.8.2 Major
offence. Major offences may be characterised as
copying multiple paragraphs in full without
acknowledgement of the source, copying all or
much of the work of a fellow student with or
without his/her knowledge or consent, and
submitting the same piece of work for assessment
in whole or in part for more than one module.
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Help and Support

• If you need further guidance please
• Refer to the student handbook
• Seek guidance from course tutors
• Seek help from Learning Support
  http//www.keele.ac.uk/depts/aa/lsag/
• Consult on-line resources http//www.keele.ac.uk
  /depts/aa/landt/links/plagiarism.htm
• Key Skills On-line http//www.learn.keele.ac.uk/
  lskills/TLTP3/afterenter.htm
• l

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Academic Regulations
Please read the full Academic Regulations on the
University website http//www.keele.ac.uk/depts
/aa/regulationshandbook/reg8.htmcheating
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Thank you any questions?