Urban Planning and Policy

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Urban Planning and Policy

• Continued from Wednesday

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Phases in U.S. Planning

• Greenbelt Cities (1920s)
• Henry Wright, Clarence Stein, Clarence Perry
• Lewis Mumford and Regional Planning
• City Beautiful movement (early 1900s to 1920s)
• Daniel Hudson Burnham
• Regional/Comprehensive Planning (1920s and 30s)
• Rexford G. Tugwell

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Phases in U.S. Planning

• Urban General Plan (1950s)
• T.J. Kent
• Pluralism in Planning (1960s)
• Albert Hirschmann, Charles Lindblom, Mel Weber
• Greater attention to process
• Politics is designed as system to make decisions
  in uncertain situation
• Planners as facilitators
• Advocacy Planning (1960s)
• Paul Davidoff
• Saul Alinsky

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1990s and beyond

• Regionalism
• Municipality led http//www.brook.edu/es/urban/ref
  lections.htm
• Community-based regionalism http//www.policylink.
  org/region/index.html
• Smart Growth
• Dense, multi-use, quality of life
• Link transit, housing, jobs
• Lots of resources
• www.smartgrowth.org
• www.smartgrowthamerica.org
• www.fundersnetwork.org

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From Smart Growth Network www.smartgrowth.org
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Planning in Socialist Cities

• 1935 Plan for Moscow
• Limited City Size
• State control of housing
• Planning development of residential areas
• Spatial equality in collective consumption
• Limited journey to work
• Stringent land-use zoning
• Rationalized traffic flows
• Symbolism and central city
• Town planning integral part of national planning
• Actual development never fully met these goals

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Take-home Messages about Planning

• Planning emerged in late 1800s in response to
  poor urban conditions
• UK has relatively strong planning mechanisms, but
  these have shifted (weakened?) over time
• US planning has been relatively weak, but
  increasing recognition of need for greater
  intervention
• Planning is strongly influenced by politics and
  power

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Migration and Neighborhood Change
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Outline

• Individual moving decisions and processes
• Neighborhoods change and individual decisions
• Urban impacts of neighborhood change

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Why People Move

• Preference Adjustment
• Housing
• Neighborhood
• Accessibility
• Induced
• Employment
• Life-cycle

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Decision To Move

• Discordance between households
  needs/expectations/aspirations and actual living
  environment
• Solved by either
• Improving environment
• Lowering expectations
• Relocate

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Search for a New Home

• Geography shapes
• Action space
• Activity space
• Awareness space
• Search space
• Information critical to these decisions
• Where do people get this information from?
• Various constraints shape housing markets
• Shaped by housing class

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Neighborhood Change

• Aggregation of individual decisions, but
  decisions shaped by neighborhood change
• Housing abandonment
• Various causes
• white flight
• Physical deterioration
• Lack of demand in poor neighborhoods
• Declining rent incomes
• Red-lining
• Stringent rent controls
• Resulttaxes more than property worth

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Gentrification

• Rehabilitation leading to displacement
• Distinct from incumbent upgrading
• Explanations
• Consumption-side
• Production-side
• Agents of gentrification
• Government
• Financial and property investors
• Landlord developers and real estate agents

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Gentrification impacts

• Winners
• Local government
• Initial owners of property
• Incoming owners/occupiers
• Developers
• Speculators
• Some other city residents
• Losers
• Those displaced
• Other city residents
• Alternatives to gentrification?

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Take-Home Messages

• Residential mobility is a major process of change
  in urban areas
• Causes of moving decisions are varied, and
  include both individual and societal factors
• Impacts of residential mobility and neighborhood
  change are highly unequal