Parts of Speech

1
Parts of Speech

• Figuring Out Ing Words
• Part II

2
Figuring Out ing Words

• A word ending in ing can be

3
Figuring Out ing Words

• A word ending in ing can be
• a verb

4
Figuring Out ing Words

• A word ending in ing can be
• a verb
• a noun

5
Figuring Out ing Words

• A word ending in ing can be
• a verb
• a noun
• an adjective

6
Figuring Out ing Words

• Most ing words are nouns or verbs.
• Only rarely will they be adjectives.

7
Figuring Out ing Words

• If it is a verb it will usually occur with other
  verbs

8
Figuring Out ing Words

• If it is a verb it will usually occur with other
  verbs

• I am going home.
• Bill is running to the store.

9
Figuring Out ing Words

• However, not all ing verbs occur with other
  verbs.

• Running to the store, Bill tripped and fell.

10
Figuring Out ing Words

• So how do you tell if an -ing word is a verb?

11
Figuring Out ing Words

• If a determiner is attached to it, then it is NOT
  a verb

12
Figuring Out ing Words

• STEP ONE
• If a determiner is attached to it, then it is NOT
  a verb

• Determiners are the kings servants

13
Figuring Out ing Words

• DETERMINERS CANNOT ATTACH TO A VERB
• (THE QUEEN)

14
Figuring Out ing Words

• STEP TWO
• Can you put extremely in front of it?
• If yes, then it is an adjective.

• THE FRIGHTENING MOVIE

15
Figuring Out ing Words

• Can you put extremely in front of it?
• If yes, then it is an adjective.

• THE EXTREMELY FRIGHTENING MOVIE

16
Figuring Out ing Words

• FRIGHTENING IS AN ADJECTIVE IN THIS SENTENCE

• THE EXTREMELY FRIGHTENING MOVIE

17
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• the singing frog

18
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• the singing frog

• NOUN

19
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• the frog was singing

20
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• the frog was singing

• VERB

21
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• While singing, the frog lifted his hat to the
  ladies in the crowd.

22
Figuring Out ing Words

• WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE UNDERLINED WORD?
• While singing, the frog lifted his hat to the
  ladies in the crowd.

• VERB

23
Figuring Out ing Words

• -ing words are usually either verbs or nouns

24
Figuring Out ing Words

• -ing words are usually either verbs or nouns

• They are rarely adjectives

25
Parts of Speech - Theory

• Form vs. Function

26
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Function
• Traditional grammar is based on function

27
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Form
• Grammar for the 21st century is based on form

28
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Function
• Describes what
• words do.

29
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Form
• Describes what
• words usually are.

30
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Function
• football games
• football adjective
• games noun

31
Language Function vs. Language Form

• Form
• football games
• football noun
• games noun

32
Language as Function is not Consistent

• Function
• I play in football games
• football adjective

• Function
• I play football
• football noun

33
Moreover, Language as Function Fails Language
Tests

• football game
• If football is an adjective, then it can be
  modified by extremely

• Can you say, I play in extremely football
  games?

34
Language as Form Is More Consistent

• Form
• I play in football games
• football noun

• Form
• I play football
• football noun

35
Moreover, Language as Form Passes Language Tests

• football game
• football noun
• game noun

• the football
• the game

36
Function vs. Form

• Function
• Traditional Grammar
• Based on non-scientific ideas about language

• Form
• 21st Century Grammar
• Based on linguistics

37
Both Systems Are Useful

• English Tools

• Metric Tools

38
Both Systems Are Useful

• Traditional Grammar
• Language
• as
• Function

• 21st Century Grammar
• Language
• as
• Form