Title: Todays Agenda
1Todays Agenda
- Please place all bags, books, etc. at the back of
the room - Please sit in the following areas
- Throne and Controller-General same as yesterday
-
2THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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4LOUIS XVI KING OF FRANCE
5MARIE ANTOINETTE
6Nobility, Clergy and Peasant
- Toward the end of the 18th c. France had a huge
national debt. - France took out loans to pay for wars with
England and government operations - By 1788, France spent half the annual budget for
interest payments on the increasing national
debt.
7Nobility, Clergy and Peasant
- 25 of budget paid for military expenses and 6
for the lavish lifestyle of the king and his
court at Versailles. - With no other financial options available to the
government, a sharp rise in taxes became
inevitable. - The tax burden fell to the peasants, since the
clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes. - At the same time peasants suffered through poor
harvests and the price of bread soared.
8Growing Discontent
- Growth of population larger families needed
more to support - Economic conditions nobility clergy wanted
higher rents, food prices soared, heavy taxes
paid by Third Estate - Clergy nobles paid no taxes
- Bourgeoisie wanted political voice
- Peasants, workers, and Bourgeoisie shared ideas
of liberty and equality
9Financial Crisis
- To solve the financial crisis, King Louis XVI
called for the Estates General to meet. - Representative body, which had not been convened
since 1614, divided France into three orders, or
estates the clergy, nobility, and commoners. - 1 vote per Estate
10Financial Disaster
- Louis XVI wanted to tax 1st 2nd Estate
- Refusal by 1st 2nd Estates to tax
- Bankers refused to lend any
11Meeting of the Estates General
12- In the meeting of the Estates General
- - Third Estate refused to conduct any business
until the king ordered the three Estates to sit
together as a single representative body.
13The Tennis Court Oath
- Estates General would meet and vote separately
- the Third Estate adopted the title National
Assembly and declared itself the true
representative body of France. - On June 20th, 1787, members of the National
Assembly, excluded from their hall in Versailles
because of repairs, moved to a large indoor
tennis court in Paris and swore the famous Tennis
Court Oath, pledging never to disband until they
had written a new constitution for France.
14The Storming of the Bastille
- By July of 1789, 25 of Paris unemployed, and
bread prices soared so high many people were
unable to buy food. - Rumors spread - kings troops were coming to sack
Paris, angry crowds seized arms for defense of
the city
15The Storming of the Bastille
- On July 14, 1789, hundreds of people marched to
the Bastille, a medieval fort and prison, to
search for gunpowder. - The commanding officer of the Bastille refused to
give them gunpowder and fired on the crowd,
killing 98 people. - The soldiers finally surrendered and the
revolutionary crowds took the Bastille.
16The Storming of the Bastille
- News spread across France, peasants began to rise
in spontaneous revolts against their lords. - The storming of the Bastille symbolizes the
beginning of the French Revolution.
17The March on Versailles
- As the financial crisis grew worse, hunger and
unemployment increased. - On October 5, 7,000 desperate women marched 12
miles from Paris to Versailles to demand bread. - The women invaded the palace killing several
guards. - The king promised to give them bread immediately
and accompany them back to Paris with his family. - The heads of two nobles, stuck on pikes led the
way, the king and his family never returned to
Versailles.
18The End of the Old Regime
- National Assembly hoped to stop violence
- Outlawed tithe, canceled feudal dues, removed
privileges of 1st 2nd Estate - Adopted Declaration of Rights of Man and of the
Citizen basic human rights/political powers - Rights did not apply to women Olympe de Gouges
Declaration of the Rights of Women and
Citizenesses - rejected
19Loyalists to the Louis XVI
- French emigrants fled to other European nations
and plotted to return throne and end Revolution
20Government Reforms
- Admin structure 83 districts departments
- Election of local officials
- Seized land of Catholic Church sold to pay
natl debt - Issued Civil Constitution of the Clergy people
would elect own clergy, pope opposed, many
Catholics begin to oppose Revolution
21Constitution of 1791
- The National Assembly later established a
constitutional monarchy, which the king accepted
in July of 1791. - All lawmaking power was in the National Assembly,
which was elected by the wealthier half of French
males. - The king remained head of state with veto power
over any law passed by the assembly. - The newly elected government seized the land of
the Catholic Church and the land of nobility that
fled France, this was an attempt to solve the
financial crisis of France.
22The Execution of Louis XVI
- June 21, 1791 royal family attempted to flee
France, they were caught and returned to Paris - The king signed the 1791 constitution and then
vetoed key revolutionary decrees - A new, more radical government, the National
Convention was elected in 1792
- France fought to save the Revolution in a war of
people against the kings against Austria and
Prussia - Nov. 1792, incriminating documents are found that
show the king was negotiating in secret to
restore his authority and destroy the Constitution
23The Execution of Louis XVI
- The National Convention voted to convict Louis
XVI of treason and then voted to sentence him to
death in January of 1793, by one vote - Just before he was guillotined, he declared
calmly, I die innocent of all crimes of which I
have been charged.
24The Execution of Louis XVI
- Queen Marie Antoinette was executed in October of
1793.
25The Reign of Terror Begins
- 1792 National Convention held, two opposing
groups emerge Girondins and the Jacobins - Jacobins led by Danton and Robespierre extreme
radicals wanted reforms for all classes of
society - Declared the beginning of the republic, abolished
the monarchy - Beheaded Louis XVI other European nations found
this shocking
26The Reign of Terror
- France was at war with every major European
power, the National Convention, led by
Maximillien Robespierre, called for drastic
measures to save France from enemies of the
nation. - By spring of 1794, the French army of 1 million,
successfully defeated the European powers on all
fronts. - At home, Robespierre and followers believed that
French citizens would have to be taught the
virtues of the new Republic set up Committee
for Public Safety, conscription drafted men for
army
27Reign of Terror
- Other European nations kings feared French
would try to overthrow royalty outside of France - Joined in European alliance against France
- Pushed France from Austrian Netherlands and
invaded France again
28The Reign of Terror
- The National Convention established 1792 as Year
One of the Republic and created an entirely new
calendar with new months, weeks, and days. - Robespierre set up special revolutionary courts,
responsible only to him, which tried citizens for
treason against the revolution.
29Opponents of Robespierre
- Crimes ranged from saying, down with the
Republic to maintaining a book with the kings
seal on it. - For those not deemed virtuous enough for the
Republic, terror was the order of the day
30Opponents of Robespierre
- In two years, 40,000 French men and women were
executed, often by guillotine.
31Opponents of Robespierre
- In July of 1794, after the Reign of Terror had
wiped out many of Robespierres own friends,
Robespierre himself was executed by guillotine.
32End of Reign of Terror
- Reign of Terror ends with death of Robespierre
July 1794 - Jacobins lost power and wealthy middle class took
control of National Convention - Feelings of unrest persisted as economic
conditions deteriorated
33Work of the National Convention
- 1792-1795 National Convention met and made many
democratic reforms, effected every level of
French society - Created Committee of Public Safety controlled
by Jacobins, tried to establish Republic of
Virtue people would act according to the
principles of good citizenship opened schools
and supported universal elementary education
34Work of the National Convention
- Committee of Public Safety established wage and
price controls intended to stop inflation - Addressed human rights issues
- Abolished slavery in overseas colonies and
encouraged religious toleration - Adopted standard weights and measures with the
metric system - Created a new calendar, changed days of week to
ten rather than seven not successful
35Work of the National Convention
- French army conquered more land as far as Rhine
River in Germany - Forced allied coalition of countries against
France to break apart and become ineffective - New militaristic spirit, used army to stop
opposition at home
36The Directory
- 1795 National Convention completes another
constitution and took office in November of 1795 - Two House legislature 500 member lower house
proposed laws, smaller but more powerful upper
house, 250 members, had power to accept or reject
legislation
37The Directory
- Upper House had power to select executive branch
which consisted of five individuals known as
Directors - Government now called Directory
- New constitution eliminated universal manhood
suffrage only male property owners could vote
wealthy controlled - Five directors were weak, financial difficulties
persisted
38The Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte
- After 5 years of disastrous rule by a five-man
executive called the Directory, Napoleon
Bonaparte ruled France as a dictator and emperor
for 15 years from 1799-1814.
39How Did Napoleon Take Power?
- Great victories in battles for France won him
loyal followers he exaggerated his abilities - British organized alliances in Europe to drive
French from Italy other territories - France feared loss of property power gained in
Revolution - Napoleon staged coup detat seized power by
force now ruler of France
40The Napoleonic Era
- Napoleon turned France into a centrally
controlled police state where revolutionary
ideals of freedom of speech and press were
constantly violated. - Napoleon also advocated moderate reforms of the
revolution, abolishing feudal privileges and
securing the advances of the middle class and
peasantry. - Napoleons armies took most of continental Europe
until losing in Russia, he abdicated in 1814.
41The Napoleonic Era The Consulate first 5 years
- 1799-1814 influence on France and Europe great
- French accepted dictatorship stability or
afraid to protest - Gave self unlimited power, First Consul, control
of military, propose all new laws, dismiss
officials - Consulates legislative body could only vote yes
or no - Plebiscite yes or no vote no suggestions or
changes vote on Constitution
42Government Accomplishments
- Napoleonic Code French laws organized
- Bank of France created
- Public education h.s., tech schools,
universities elem schools church local
control - Concordat agreement w/ pope - recognized
Catholics as citizens but also tolerated other
religions, church gave up claims to property
taken during Revolution - 1802 Russia, Austria, G.B. attempted peace w/
France
43Napoleon As Emperor
- Brought peace, economic prosperity, political
stability - 1804 plebiscite to declare France an empire
- Napoleon crowned emperor by pope
- British felt threatened by France 1804
renewed war w/ France Austria, Russia, Sweden
joined G.B., Spain to France
44France at War Again
- Napoleon wanted to defeat G.B. invade
- Horatio Nelson G.B. vice admiral stopped
France from invading G.B. - Napoleon won land battles against Austria
Russia - Continental System - France blockades G.B.,
forbids F.E. allies from trading w/ G.B. - British blockade France hurt industries
- France continues victories over Russia Austria
45The Reorganization of Europe
- 1809 N. dominates Europe Austria, Prussia sign
peace treaty, Russia allies w/ France - Ruled Netherlands, Spain, forced Denmark Papal
States into alliance, abolished Holy Roman
Empire, unified n. Italy into Kingdom of Italy - All under Ns control
46The Reorganization of Europe
- Placed family members as monarchs in conquered
countries - Needed to produce an heir
- No children w/ Josephine marriage annulled
- Married Austrian princess Marie-Louise gave
birth to Napoleon II - 1811
47The Reorganization of Europe
- Nationalism w/in conquered countries grew they
disliked the French rule - Opposition to French rule over conquered people
grew
48The Peninsular War
- Portugal opposed Continental System needed
trade w/ G.B. - N. drove out king of Spain brother Joseph
becomes king - 1808 Spain revolts, G.B. aids Spain Portugal
drained Frances economy - 1813 Spain drives French out, rewrites
constitution creates limited monarchy
49Catastrophe in Russia
- Angry at Alex I for trade w/ G.B.
- N. recruits Grand Army 600,000 soldiers to
invade Russia - Russia used scorched earth policy to lure French
deeper into Russia - French capture Moscow Russians burn it to the
ground no housing for French troops, had to
face harsh Russian winter
50Catastrophe in Russia
- Many soldiers died from cold, hunger, disease
ordered retreat 10/19/1812 - Tactical error French troops lacked supplies
food to return to France, Russians continued to
attack 400,000 troops lost - Russia attacks France
51Final Defeat
- Other European nations broke alliances w/ France
Austria, Prussia, Russia, G.B. joined forces to
defeat France - Allies defeat N. at Leipzig march on Paris
- N. gives up all claims to throne family claims
- Forced to retire to Elba
- Restored boundaries of 1790 Bourbons at French
Monarchs Louis XVIII became French king
52100 Days
- Louis XVIII made enemies of French people
- N. escapes from Elba, led army to capture Paris,
Louis XVIII fled, N. rules France again - Prussia, Russia, G.B, Netherlands send army to
take N. out - Waterloo 6/18/1815 G.B. allies defeat
France, N. goes to St. Helena where he dies in
1821 - Bourbons restored as monarchs
53Questions after Stage1
- How does it feel to be born into a role you
cannot change? - Who has the most power in society?
- Who has the least power in society?
- What are some advantages of organizing society in
this way? What are some disadvantages? - What do you think should be done to save the
French nation? - In what ways do you think your experience was
different from the historical reality? - In what ways do you think your experience was
similar to the historical reality?
54Questions after Stage 1
- How did it feel to be a monarch?
- How did it feel to be the Controller-General?
- How did it feel to be a noble?
- How did it feel to be a member of the clergy?
- How did it feel to be a peasant?
55The Third Estate Responds to the Situation
- How many people of the Third Estate would now
vote to meet apart from the privileged orders as
the true representatives of the people of France
and start their own government? Why? - How many people of the First and Second Estates
would support the members of the Third Estate who
wish to start a new government? Why?
56The Third Estate Responds to the Situation
- Describe what happened at the Estates General.
- How does it feel to be a member of the Third
Estate? - Do you agree with the results of the Estates
General? Explain. - Which groups had the most power during the
Estates General? The least power? - How did you feel when the famine occurred? Why?
- What options do the members of the Third Estate
have to change their status?
57Connecting with History stage 2
- How did it feel to be a monarch during the
meeting of the Estates General? - How did it feel to be the Controller-General
during the meeting of the Estates General? - How did it feel to be a member of the clergy
during the meeting of the Estates General? - How did it feel to be a peasant during the
meeting of the Estates General?
58Connecting with History stage 2
- For those who voted to meet as a separate body,
how did it feel to take that action? - For those who chose not to become part of the
revolutionary movement, how did it feel to see so
many people move toward revolution? - Who might have the most power in society after
the meeting of the Estates General? Who might
have the least? - What questions do you have about the similarities
between your experience and the historical
reality? About the differences?
59Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3
- Describe what you observed in this stage of the
activity. - Why did the National Assembly turn against the
king? - How did you feel when Robespierre gave his
initial speech and showed the secret document? - How did you feel when the king was executed?
60Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3
- How did you feel toward Robespierre during the
Reign of Terror? How did you feel when
classmates were executed? - How did you feel when Robespierre was executed?
- What do you think occurred in France after
Robespierre was executed? - In what ways do you think your experience was
different from the French roles you played? In
what ways do you think your experience was
similar?
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