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Todays Agenda

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The soldiers finally surrendered and the revolutionary crowds took the Bastille. ... deemed virtuous enough for the Republic, terror was the order of the day ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Todays Agenda


1
Todays Agenda
  • Please place all bags, books, etc. at the back of
    the room
  • Please sit in the following areas
  • Throne and Controller-General same as yesterday

2
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
3
(No Transcript)
4
LOUIS XVI KING OF FRANCE
5
MARIE ANTOINETTE
6
Nobility, Clergy and Peasant
  • Toward the end of the 18th c. France had a huge
    national debt.
  • France took out loans to pay for wars with
    England and government operations
  • By 1788, France spent half the annual budget for
    interest payments on the increasing national
    debt.

7
Nobility, Clergy and Peasant
  • 25 of budget paid for military expenses and 6
    for the lavish lifestyle of the king and his
    court at Versailles.
  • With no other financial options available to the
    government, a sharp rise in taxes became
    inevitable.
  • The tax burden fell to the peasants, since the
    clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes.
  • At the same time peasants suffered through poor
    harvests and the price of bread soared.

8
Growing Discontent
  • Growth of population larger families needed
    more to support
  • Economic conditions nobility clergy wanted
    higher rents, food prices soared, heavy taxes
    paid by Third Estate
  • Clergy nobles paid no taxes
  • Bourgeoisie wanted political voice
  • Peasants, workers, and Bourgeoisie shared ideas
    of liberty and equality

9
Financial Crisis
  • To solve the financial crisis, King Louis XVI
    called for the Estates General to meet.
  • Representative body, which had not been convened
    since 1614, divided France into three orders, or
    estates the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
  • 1 vote per Estate

10
Financial Disaster
  • Louis XVI wanted to tax 1st 2nd Estate
  • Refusal by 1st 2nd Estates to tax
  • Bankers refused to lend any

11
Meeting of the Estates General
12
  • In the meeting of the Estates General
  • - Third Estate refused to conduct any business
    until the king ordered the three Estates to sit
    together as a single representative body.

13
The Tennis Court Oath
  • Estates General would meet and vote separately
  • the Third Estate adopted the title National
    Assembly and declared itself the true
    representative body of France.
  • On June 20th, 1787, members of the National
    Assembly, excluded from their hall in Versailles
    because of repairs, moved to a large indoor
    tennis court in Paris and swore the famous Tennis
    Court Oath, pledging never to disband until they
    had written a new constitution for France.

14
The Storming of the Bastille
  • By July of 1789, 25 of Paris unemployed, and
    bread prices soared so high many people were
    unable to buy food.
  • Rumors spread - kings troops were coming to sack
    Paris, angry crowds seized arms for defense of
    the city

15
The Storming of the Bastille
  • On July 14, 1789, hundreds of people marched to
    the Bastille, a medieval fort and prison, to
    search for gunpowder.
  • The commanding officer of the Bastille refused to
    give them gunpowder and fired on the crowd,
    killing 98 people.
  • The soldiers finally surrendered and the
    revolutionary crowds took the Bastille.

16
The Storming of the Bastille
  • News spread across France, peasants began to rise
    in spontaneous revolts against their lords.
  • The storming of the Bastille symbolizes the
    beginning of the French Revolution.

17
The March on Versailles
  • As the financial crisis grew worse, hunger and
    unemployment increased.
  • On October 5, 7,000 desperate women marched 12
    miles from Paris to Versailles to demand bread.
  • The women invaded the palace killing several
    guards.
  • The king promised to give them bread immediately
    and accompany them back to Paris with his family.
  • The heads of two nobles, stuck on pikes led the
    way, the king and his family never returned to
    Versailles.

18
The End of the Old Regime
  • National Assembly hoped to stop violence
  • Outlawed tithe, canceled feudal dues, removed
    privileges of 1st 2nd Estate
  • Adopted Declaration of Rights of Man and of the
    Citizen basic human rights/political powers
  • Rights did not apply to women Olympe de Gouges
    Declaration of the Rights of Women and
    Citizenesses - rejected

19
Loyalists to the Louis XVI
  • French emigrants fled to other European nations
    and plotted to return throne and end Revolution

20
Government Reforms
  • Admin structure 83 districts departments
  • Election of local officials
  • Seized land of Catholic Church sold to pay
    natl debt
  • Issued Civil Constitution of the Clergy people
    would elect own clergy, pope opposed, many
    Catholics begin to oppose Revolution

21
Constitution of 1791
  • The National Assembly later established a
    constitutional monarchy, which the king accepted
    in July of 1791.
  • All lawmaking power was in the National Assembly,
    which was elected by the wealthier half of French
    males.
  • The king remained head of state with veto power
    over any law passed by the assembly.
  • The newly elected government seized the land of
    the Catholic Church and the land of nobility that
    fled France, this was an attempt to solve the
    financial crisis of France.

22
The Execution of Louis XVI
  • June 21, 1791 royal family attempted to flee
    France, they were caught and returned to Paris
  • The king signed the 1791 constitution and then
    vetoed key revolutionary decrees
  • A new, more radical government, the National
    Convention was elected in 1792
  • France fought to save the Revolution in a war of
    people against the kings against Austria and
    Prussia
  • Nov. 1792, incriminating documents are found that
    show the king was negotiating in secret to
    restore his authority and destroy the Constitution

23
The Execution of Louis XVI
  • The National Convention voted to convict Louis
    XVI of treason and then voted to sentence him to
    death in January of 1793, by one vote
  • Just before he was guillotined, he declared
    calmly, I die innocent of all crimes of which I
    have been charged.

24
The Execution of Louis XVI
  • Queen Marie Antoinette was executed in October of
    1793.

25
The Reign of Terror Begins
  • 1792 National Convention held, two opposing
    groups emerge Girondins and the Jacobins
  • Jacobins led by Danton and Robespierre extreme
    radicals wanted reforms for all classes of
    society
  • Declared the beginning of the republic, abolished
    the monarchy
  • Beheaded Louis XVI other European nations found
    this shocking

26
The Reign of Terror
  • France was at war with every major European
    power, the National Convention, led by
    Maximillien Robespierre, called for drastic
    measures to save France from enemies of the
    nation.
  • By spring of 1794, the French army of 1 million,
    successfully defeated the European powers on all
    fronts.
  • At home, Robespierre and followers believed that
    French citizens would have to be taught the
    virtues of the new Republic set up Committee
    for Public Safety, conscription drafted men for
    army

27
Reign of Terror
  • Other European nations kings feared French
    would try to overthrow royalty outside of France
  • Joined in European alliance against France
  • Pushed France from Austrian Netherlands and
    invaded France again

28
The Reign of Terror
  • The National Convention established 1792 as Year
    One of the Republic and created an entirely new
    calendar with new months, weeks, and days.
  • Robespierre set up special revolutionary courts,
    responsible only to him, which tried citizens for
    treason against the revolution.

29
Opponents of Robespierre
  • Crimes ranged from saying, down with the
    Republic to maintaining a book with the kings
    seal on it.
  • For those not deemed virtuous enough for the
    Republic, terror was the order of the day

30
Opponents of Robespierre
  • In two years, 40,000 French men and women were
    executed, often by guillotine.

31
Opponents of Robespierre
  • In July of 1794, after the Reign of Terror had
    wiped out many of Robespierres own friends,
    Robespierre himself was executed by guillotine.

32
End of Reign of Terror
  • Reign of Terror ends with death of Robespierre
    July 1794
  • Jacobins lost power and wealthy middle class took
    control of National Convention
  • Feelings of unrest persisted as economic
    conditions deteriorated

33
Work of the National Convention
  • 1792-1795 National Convention met and made many
    democratic reforms, effected every level of
    French society
  • Created Committee of Public Safety controlled
    by Jacobins, tried to establish Republic of
    Virtue people would act according to the
    principles of good citizenship opened schools
    and supported universal elementary education

34
Work of the National Convention
  • Committee of Public Safety established wage and
    price controls intended to stop inflation
  • Addressed human rights issues
  • Abolished slavery in overseas colonies and
    encouraged religious toleration
  • Adopted standard weights and measures with the
    metric system
  • Created a new calendar, changed days of week to
    ten rather than seven not successful

35
Work of the National Convention
  • French army conquered more land as far as Rhine
    River in Germany
  • Forced allied coalition of countries against
    France to break apart and become ineffective
  • New militaristic spirit, used army to stop
    opposition at home

36
The Directory
  • 1795 National Convention completes another
    constitution and took office in November of 1795
  • Two House legislature 500 member lower house
    proposed laws, smaller but more powerful upper
    house, 250 members, had power to accept or reject
    legislation

37
The Directory
  • Upper House had power to select executive branch
    which consisted of five individuals known as
    Directors
  • Government now called Directory
  • New constitution eliminated universal manhood
    suffrage only male property owners could vote
    wealthy controlled
  • Five directors were weak, financial difficulties
    persisted

38
The Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte
  • After 5 years of disastrous rule by a five-man
    executive called the Directory, Napoleon
    Bonaparte ruled France as a dictator and emperor
    for 15 years from 1799-1814.

39
How Did Napoleon Take Power?
  • Great victories in battles for France won him
    loyal followers he exaggerated his abilities
  • British organized alliances in Europe to drive
    French from Italy other territories
  • France feared loss of property power gained in
    Revolution
  • Napoleon staged coup detat seized power by
    force now ruler of France

40
The Napoleonic Era
  • Napoleon turned France into a centrally
    controlled police state where revolutionary
    ideals of freedom of speech and press were
    constantly violated.
  • Napoleon also advocated moderate reforms of the
    revolution, abolishing feudal privileges and
    securing the advances of the middle class and
    peasantry.
  • Napoleons armies took most of continental Europe
    until losing in Russia, he abdicated in 1814.

41
The Napoleonic Era The Consulate first 5 years
  • 1799-1814 influence on France and Europe great
  • French accepted dictatorship stability or
    afraid to protest
  • Gave self unlimited power, First Consul, control
    of military, propose all new laws, dismiss
    officials
  • Consulates legislative body could only vote yes
    or no
  • Plebiscite yes or no vote no suggestions or
    changes vote on Constitution

42
Government Accomplishments
  • Napoleonic Code French laws organized
  • Bank of France created
  • Public education h.s., tech schools,
    universities elem schools church local
    control
  • Concordat agreement w/ pope - recognized
    Catholics as citizens but also tolerated other
    religions, church gave up claims to property
    taken during Revolution
  • 1802 Russia, Austria, G.B. attempted peace w/
    France

43
Napoleon As Emperor
  • Brought peace, economic prosperity, political
    stability
  • 1804 plebiscite to declare France an empire
  • Napoleon crowned emperor by pope
  • British felt threatened by France 1804
    renewed war w/ France Austria, Russia, Sweden
    joined G.B., Spain to France

44
France at War Again
  • Napoleon wanted to defeat G.B. invade
  • Horatio Nelson G.B. vice admiral stopped
    France from invading G.B.
  • Napoleon won land battles against Austria
    Russia
  • Continental System - France blockades G.B.,
    forbids F.E. allies from trading w/ G.B.
  • British blockade France hurt industries
  • France continues victories over Russia Austria

45
The Reorganization of Europe
  • 1809 N. dominates Europe Austria, Prussia sign
    peace treaty, Russia allies w/ France
  • Ruled Netherlands, Spain, forced Denmark Papal
    States into alliance, abolished Holy Roman
    Empire, unified n. Italy into Kingdom of Italy
  • All under Ns control

46
The Reorganization of Europe
  • Placed family members as monarchs in conquered
    countries
  • Needed to produce an heir
  • No children w/ Josephine marriage annulled
  • Married Austrian princess Marie-Louise gave
    birth to Napoleon II - 1811

47
The Reorganization of Europe
  • Nationalism w/in conquered countries grew they
    disliked the French rule
  • Opposition to French rule over conquered people
    grew

48
The Peninsular War
  • Portugal opposed Continental System needed
    trade w/ G.B.
  • N. drove out king of Spain brother Joseph
    becomes king
  • 1808 Spain revolts, G.B. aids Spain Portugal
    drained Frances economy
  • 1813 Spain drives French out, rewrites
    constitution creates limited monarchy

49
Catastrophe in Russia
  • Angry at Alex I for trade w/ G.B.
  • N. recruits Grand Army 600,000 soldiers to
    invade Russia
  • Russia used scorched earth policy to lure French
    deeper into Russia
  • French capture Moscow Russians burn it to the
    ground no housing for French troops, had to
    face harsh Russian winter

50
Catastrophe in Russia
  • Many soldiers died from cold, hunger, disease
    ordered retreat 10/19/1812
  • Tactical error French troops lacked supplies
    food to return to France, Russians continued to
    attack 400,000 troops lost
  • Russia attacks France

51
Final Defeat
  • Other European nations broke alliances w/ France
    Austria, Prussia, Russia, G.B. joined forces to
    defeat France
  • Allies defeat N. at Leipzig march on Paris
  • N. gives up all claims to throne family claims
  • Forced to retire to Elba
  • Restored boundaries of 1790 Bourbons at French
    Monarchs Louis XVIII became French king

52
100 Days
  • Louis XVIII made enemies of French people
  • N. escapes from Elba, led army to capture Paris,
    Louis XVIII fled, N. rules France again
  • Prussia, Russia, G.B, Netherlands send army to
    take N. out
  • Waterloo 6/18/1815 G.B. allies defeat
    France, N. goes to St. Helena where he dies in
    1821
  • Bourbons restored as monarchs

53
Questions after Stage1
  • How does it feel to be born into a role you
    cannot change?
  • Who has the most power in society?
  • Who has the least power in society?
  • What are some advantages of organizing society in
    this way? What are some disadvantages?
  • What do you think should be done to save the
    French nation?
  • In what ways do you think your experience was
    different from the historical reality?
  • In what ways do you think your experience was
    similar to the historical reality?

54
Questions after Stage 1
  • How did it feel to be a monarch?
  • How did it feel to be the Controller-General?
  • How did it feel to be a noble?
  • How did it feel to be a member of the clergy?
  • How did it feel to be a peasant?

55
The Third Estate Responds to the Situation
  • How many people of the Third Estate would now
    vote to meet apart from the privileged orders as
    the true representatives of the people of France
    and start their own government? Why?
  • How many people of the First and Second Estates
    would support the members of the Third Estate who
    wish to start a new government? Why?

56
The Third Estate Responds to the Situation
  • Describe what happened at the Estates General.
  • How does it feel to be a member of the Third
    Estate?
  • Do you agree with the results of the Estates
    General? Explain.
  • Which groups had the most power during the
    Estates General? The least power?
  • How did you feel when the famine occurred? Why?
  • What options do the members of the Third Estate
    have to change their status?

57
Connecting with History stage 2
  • How did it feel to be a monarch during the
    meeting of the Estates General?
  • How did it feel to be the Controller-General
    during the meeting of the Estates General?
  • How did it feel to be a member of the clergy
    during the meeting of the Estates General?
  • How did it feel to be a peasant during the
    meeting of the Estates General?

58
Connecting with History stage 2
  • For those who voted to meet as a separate body,
    how did it feel to take that action?
  • For those who chose not to become part of the
    revolutionary movement, how did it feel to see so
    many people move toward revolution?
  • Who might have the most power in society after
    the meeting of the Estates General? Who might
    have the least?
  • What questions do you have about the similarities
    between your experience and the historical
    reality? About the differences?

59
Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3
  • Describe what you observed in this stage of the
    activity.
  • Why did the National Assembly turn against the
    king?
  • How did you feel when Robespierre gave his
    initial speech and showed the secret document?
  • How did you feel when the king was executed?

60
Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3
  • How did you feel toward Robespierre during the
    Reign of Terror? How did you feel when
    classmates were executed?
  • How did you feel when Robespierre was executed?
  • What do you think occurred in France after
    Robespierre was executed?
  • In what ways do you think your experience was
    different from the French roles you played? In
    what ways do you think your experience was
    similar?

61
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