Governance: Local Administration and Development

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GovernanceLocal Administration and Development

• An Overview of Terms

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Governance Issues

• Nature of the Debate Three Tracks
• Governance
• Civil Society
• Local Government

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Overview

• The Governance Concept Issues
• 1. Sovereignty- Legal Autonomy (International
  Law- Defined by Diplomacy)
• 2. Transitional vs. Developing Societies

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Governance and Sovereignty

• A Renewed Interest- Transition
• "Transformation (and globalization) has led to
  a reinvention of government and what it does"
• - Bruce Parrott in Dawisha and Parrott

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Transitional vs. Developing Society

• Governance- Transitional vs. Developing states-
• There has been a discovery of new problems in
  Eastern Europe and Central Asia with the END OF
  THE COLD WAR
• Janine Wedel Book
• Fragile vs. Collapsed States

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Governance The Cultural Dimension

• Issue of the Week Samuel P. Huntingon
• Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts
• The Issue Is there a Clash of Cultures
• Roman Catholic
• Orthodox
• Islam

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Governance an Overview of Issues

• Basic Terms The Environment of Development
• Governance Revisited
• Manner in which the state is created, modified or
  overthrown

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Governance, and theLocal State

• Sovereignty
• Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
• Presumption of Independence
• A National Government status given by
  International Community and by use of
  International Law

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Governance Issues Grass Roots or Micro-Level

• Need to Focus on Local Government (not Local
  State)
• Primary unit of government that has both
  political leadership and bureaucratic structures

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Governance Issues

• Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond
  the clan and the family and short of the state
  (does not include state organs)
• Relationship to Democracy

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Democracy

• The Nature of the Debate

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Types of Democracy

• Direct Democracy-
• Actual direct participation of a population in
  decision-making about laws and regulations
• Town hall or village model

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Types of Democracy Terms

• Indirect Democracy-Representation
• Some form of representative democracy
• Existence of various diverse interest
  associations and groups within society

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Polyarchy

• Diverse interest associations of society compete
  with each other over policy issues
• Competitive Pluralism

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Types of Democracy, cont.

• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)
• Diverse interest associations cooperate with each
  other and with organs of the state to make policy

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Democracy What is it?

• It is only when men learn what it means to be
  free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon
  the exercise of authority so that no one is
  allowed to become master of the others that human
  beings have the possibility of creating mutual
  relationships which they may freely enter and
  leave as they seek mutually productive patterns
  of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

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Democracy

• Limited
• Institutionalized
• Non-Zero Sum (Win Win)

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Democracy What is it?

• The Cynic Revised
• The policy makers have rational interests--to
  develop their countries, to improve the condition
  of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or
  to steal as much as possible.-
• Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

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James Madison and Democracy

• The Eighteenth Century Cynic
• 1. The problem with majorities
• 2. Tyranny
• 3. Factions

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Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy

• Problem with Populism
• Mob Justice
• Lack of Minority rights
• Shifting majorities and tolerance
• Problem with Plebiscites
• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

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Governance Failure and Sovereignty

• Rules of the Game politics
• Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
• "Splintering
• Break up of states--centrifugal forces
• Goal Interest Group Liberalism
• Civil Society as organizational
• Not the individual or the mass

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Governance and Sovereignty

• The need for apathy?
• Constitutional vs. Social stability
• Institutional structures
• Checks and balances
• The Institutional State
• What is the "Institutional State? Why is it
  important?

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Civil Society And Democracy

• Definition
• Networks of organizations, groups and individuals
  pursuing socio-economic interests
• "Beyond the family but short of the state
• - Hegal
• "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of
  Citizenship- First vs. Second vs. Third
  generation

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Human Rights- The Debate

• First Level- Individual- speech, religion,
  association
• Second Level- health, education, welfare
• Third Level- employment, economic security

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Civil Society Organizations

• 1. NGOs, CBOs, PVOs (Clark- Democratizing
  Development)
• 2. Grassroots, interests, not for profits
  (neutrality)
• 3. Nationalist Groups- role of ethnicity,
  religion and class
• 4. Privatization- Why not for profits?
• 5. Corporatism vs. clientelism- The Organic
  nature of society (Vincent Ostrom)- Corporatism
  vs. establishing the rule of law

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Break

• Ten Minutes

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Decentralization

• The Local Governance Debate

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Decentralized Governance

• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should
  not do what can be done by lower units

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What Local Government Does

• Services- Depend Upon
• Fiscal/budget allocation
• Taxes and transfers
• Planning
• Strategic priorities
• Managing
• Implementing

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The Development Debate

• States will necessarily remain central actors in
  development policy and development management."
• - Milton Esman

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Local Government and theLocal State

• Local State vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution
• Urban vs. Rural
• Urban linked with Rural

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State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
SOFT STATE.PREDATORY STATE
Mono-State...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in
place...Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Local - SOFT STATE.LOCAL GOVERNMENT
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The Primary Unit of Government

• Municipality Lowest level with Bureaucrats
• English/American
• Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
• Continental European
• Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

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Decentralization and Local Government Models

• Devolution
• Deconcentration
• Delegation
• Privatization

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Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral
• Prefectoral integrated
• Prefectoral unintegrated

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Control Systems
Functional
Home Affairs
Local Govt.
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Council
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Integrated
Interior
Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District Office
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
Council/Chief
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Local Govt.
Interior
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Police
District Office
Council/ Chief
Police
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Discussion

• Discussion One What is unique about each part
  of the world as seen from our authors?
• Discussion Two Limited Government- What is it?
• Discussion Three Command Economy?

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Discussion

• Isabel Allende, Clarisa,
• Case Study The Peddler
• Dr. Veraswami (Burmese Days)
• "Why is it you are always abusing the pukka
  sahibs as you call them. They are the salt of
  the earth. Consider the great administrators who
  have made British India what it is.
• Case Study Burma

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Discussion

• Why do States Fail?
• Balkan Ghosts, vs. Iraq, Somalia, Nicaragua,
  Afghanistan, Sudan
• Compare with Other Area Readings