Earthquake Engineering with KNEX

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EarthquakeEngineeringwith KNEX
The Society of Civil and Structural Engineers and
UCSD NEES 4 KIDS Presents
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A Note About Us
What is an Engineer? An engineer is a person with
a degree in one of the many engineering fields.
Generally, engineers design things. In other
words, they make blueprints for things.
What do Structural Engineers do? Structural
Engineers design buildings, bridges, dams, cars,
helicopters, airplanes, satellites, off-shore
platforms, ships and all other facilities
required to sustain loads from various sources-
air pressure, gravity, wind, waves, snow, impact,
earthquakes, temperatures, vibrations, etc.
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Part I Introduction to Earthquake Engineering

• Part I
• Earthquake Phenomena
• Faults Ground Motion
• Measures Magnitude Intensity
• Earthquake Damage
• In America
• Worldwide
• Importance of Earthquakes
• Structural Engineering
• What to Design for
• Lateral Force Resistance
• Common Building Materials
• Foundation Requirements
• Part II
• KNEX Competition

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Tectonic Plates

• Tectonic plates are pieces of the earth that
  float on its liquid, molten core of magma. Here
  is a video of how the continents moved around
  over Earths long history.

(Double c lick the text Continental Drift.wmv)
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Fault Types
A fault is where two tectonic plates (or
continents) meet. Earthquakes happen when two
tectonic plates rub against each other. There
are many different kinds of faults, depending on
how the plates meet each other. You will
probably learn more about this later in class, if
you havent already.
Left Lateral Strike Slip
Right Lateral Strike Slip
San Andreas Fault
Reverse Fault
http//www.iris.washington.edu/seismic/events/fau
lts.html
Pictures http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov
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Seismic Waves
Volunteer Demo!
http//www.lamit.ro/sistem-avertizare-cutremur.htm
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Ground Motion Intensity and Magnitude
A magnitude of an earthquake is the same no
matter where you are, but the intensity changes
due to the location. Some spots may feel an
earthquake more than others not necessarily
because of how far away it is from the center (or
epicenter), but because of the soil it is on,
what fault it is, and many other factors.
Intensities
Magnitude
Epicenter
(after Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou
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Societal Impact
Question What reasons can you think of that make
an earthquake dangerous?

• Think about the complexity of a city

• Answer Some dangers are
• Power lines fall and electricity goes out.
• Phone lines fall so phones dont work.
• Water and sewage pipes break, and sometimes
  sewage can get into water sources
• Gas pipes break, causing fires (like San
  Fransisco Earthquake). And if water pipes break,
  fire trucks cant use fire hydrants.
• Roads, bridges, and tunnels are ruined so
  emergency vehicles cant get to people who need
  help.

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Earthquake Damage
1906 San Francisco Earthquake (M7.7 est.) 3000
deaths
This is one of the most famous earthquakes in
American history. Before this, modern America
hadnt really experienced a natural disaster.
Most of the buildings were made of bricks and
collapsed in the quake, and the fires that
resulted from the quake were just as damaging as
the quake itself. You may have had ancestors
that experienced this historical earthquake.
Pictures http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov
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Earthquake Damage
1995 Kobe, Japan (M6.7) 5,500 deaths
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Kobe Earthquake Video

• This is a man who is inside a skyscraper building
  during the Kobe Earthquake. The man is a white
  blob in the lower right corner.

(Double c lick the text Kobe Movie.wmv)
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Most Recently
2004 Great Indian Ocean Earthquake (M9.1) 230,000
deaths resulting in the famous tsunami.
http//whyfiles.org/094quake/index.php?g3.txt
2005 Kashmir Earthquake (M7.6) 74,000 deaths
http//www.himalmag.com/2005/november/commentary_3
.html
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China Earthquake of 2008

• May 12, 2008 in Sichuan province of China. Killed
  at least 69,000, less than three months before
  China hosted the world in the 2008 Summer
  Olympics.
• 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing.
• At least 4.8 million people homeless (a million
  more than the population of the city of LA).
• Magnitued 8.0. 19th deadliest earthquake of all
  time.
• The epicenter was in Wenchuan County.

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Two Story Wood Frame House
Here are two videos of a house on a shake table
at UCSD. Dont worry, no one actually lives in
this house. It was built only to be tested for
this earthquake. In the first video (House
Test-5), do you think the house will stay
standing? Why or why not? In the second video
(House Test-6), what are some hazardous things in
this bedroom?
Outside of House (Double c lick the text House
Test-5.mpg)
Inside Room of House (Double c lick the text
House Test-6.mpg)
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Liquefaction

• All soil has water in it (even in the desert).
  However, in an earthquake, the water is shaken
  loose and can make the soil act like a liquid,
  much like quick sand.

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Mid-rise Reinforced Concrete Building
This is a video of a 7-story concrete tower that
was on a real-life shake table. The building was
only for testing and was destroyed after this
earthquake simulation. This shake table is
currently the worlds largest (in terms of area),
and is actually located here in San Diego.
Pretty cool, huh?
(Double c lick the text Eq4_cut.wmv)
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Earthquake (Close Up)
This is a video of the same building during the
same shake, but the view is of the base of the
tower.
After the shake, the building was ruled as still
structurally safe, which is what the structural
engineers who designed the tower want to hear.
(Double c lick the text Eq4_CornerCrack_cut.wmv)
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What do Structural Engineers Do?

• Design the Skeleton of the Structure to safely
  take on forces that they are exposed to.
• They Consider Gravity
• Self Weight, Live Loads (People, Furniture, Cars)
• Lateral Loads (Forces that hit from the sides)
• Wind and Earthquakes

Uncalculated forces from wind made the Tacoma
bridge collapse (built and destroyed in 1940).
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Stronger is Not Always Better

• Brittle Something that is brittle is very stiff
  and easy to break (like chalk). Brittle building
  materials do not hold up very well in
  earthquakes.
• Ductile Something that is ductile bends when
  under pressure (like an eraser). Ductile building
  materials are much better at absorbing earthquake
  shaking, therefore making it harder for them to
  collapse.

Demo!
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Base Isolation
This video is of a base isolator. A base
isolator is something that the building sits on
top of, so that when the ground shakes, only the
isolator moves but the building stays still.
Most base isolators are made of layers of very
stiff rubber and steel.
(Double c lick the text Base Isolator Editted
clip.wmv)
www.dis-inc.com China Basin Addition, 185 Berry
St. San Francisco, A Unique Application of Base
Isolation Technology
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Base Isolators
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Burj Dubai Tallest Building
Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the
tower is expected to be completed and ready for
occupancy by September 2009. The total budget
for the Burj Dubai project is about US4.1
billion. 818 meters tall (8 football fields).
162 floors. Taller than two Empire State
Building. Includes a Hotel, 4 swimming pools,
apartments, and tallest observation deck. Holds
multiple tune mass dampeners to counteract
earthquake and wind forces. Built by a
strucutural engineering company in Chicago
Tune Mass Dampener
http//www1.cs.columbia.edu/sedwards/photos/taiwa
n200508/
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Burj Dubai
View from top of Burj Dubai. Those or 40-50
story buildings down there (like downtown SD)!
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Building Material

• Wood Most Common
• Pros Good Seismic Performance
• Cons Can only build up to 4 story buildings.
  Catches on Fire, Rots, Kills Trees
• Masonry (Bricks, Stone)
• Pros Good in Compression, Fire Proof
• Cons Bad Seismic Performance if not reinforced

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Building Material

• Reinforced Concrete
• Pros Cons More Expensive
• Steel
• Pros Can build very tall buildings. Very
  Ductile/Flexible.
• Cons Susceptible to Fire and corrosion
• Composites
• Pros Strong and Light
• Cons Expensive

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Concrete Buildings
nisee.berkeley.edu/taiwan/
1999 Taiwan (M7.7) 2,295 deaths
Some countries can not afford to pay for good
materials or good engineers to build their
buildings. These buildings are particularly
unsafe in earthquakes.
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Beams
EERI, University of Notre Dame

• Beams span between columns and hold up the floors
• Load is transferred from the floor to the beams
  into the columns and down to the foundation.

Beam
Demo!
KNEX Education
Foundation
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Columns
EERI, University of Notre Dame
Column

• Columns support the building (Gravity Loads)
• Slender Columns - Buckling

Demo!
KNEX Education
Foundation
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Forces
Demo!
KNEX Education
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Braced Frames (Steel)
Braces
Volunteer Demo!
Foundation
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Concentric Braces
Arnold, C. and Reitherman, R., Building
Configuration and Seismic Design, Wiley, 1982
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Concentric X-Braces
Pictures C.M. Uang
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Steel Connections
Pictures C.M. Uang
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Questions?
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Part II KNEX Structure Competition

• Competition Prompt
• The different roles
• Building With KNEX
• Awards (and prizes)

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Whats going on?

• A rich land owner wants you to build a tall and
  distinctive Steel building in downtown San Diego
  near an active fault for him. The owner plans to
  rent out the building space for families. The
  goal is to make a model out of KNEX of a cool or
  beautiful building with lots of floor space for
  the owner to make more rent money. You will be
  placed in a four-person Design-Build team and you
  will compete against your school to win the
  contract to design and build this new building.
  Awards will be given to teams who do the best in
  certain areas.

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How do Earthquakes affect KNEX?
This is a video of an example structure on a
shake table like the one yours will be on.
Notice that there are not weights on this
structure, but there will be on yours! These
weights simulate people, machines, furniture and
other things that would be present in real life.
(Double c lick the text KNEX Shake.wmv)
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The 4 Types of People Involved

• Who the UCSD Students are
• Owner Wants a tall beautiful building in
  Downtown San Diego, to rent out for money. We
  (The UCSD students) are the owner since we
  bought you the knex. You and your team will
  play the other roles.
• Who YOU are. NOTE Every person in a group helps
  play each role. One role is NOT assigned per one
  person. Every one helps with everything!
• Architect Designs the overall shape and Skin
  of the building for the Owner. Wants the building
  to be beautiful
• Engineer Designs the Skeleton to hold up the
  Skin. Wants the building to survive a major
  earthquake
• Contractor Builds what the Architect and
  Engineer have designed for the Owner on time and
  on budget.

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Architectural Rendering

• Architectural Rendering of Building
• 3-D or multiple view 2-D Drawings
• Color
• Landscape (Plants Trees)
• Windows, Doors, Building Signs, Balconies
• People
• Make the building look cool or beautiful, so the
  owner will like it!

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Examples
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Structural Engineering

• Design Skeleton (beams, columns, braces)
• Building must survive Earthquake
• Structural Performance Index (Time on Table)

Structural Calculations You will Make

• Floor Area (for each floor and total)
• Building Cost
• Owners Performance Index (Total floor space
  divided by building cost)

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Construction Drawings

• When making your drawings, be sure to include the
  measurements of the width, height, and length
• You will need to make many views (for each floor,
  as well as from two different sides of the
  building)
• Anyone should be able to build your building from
  your construction drawings

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Awards

• There are many awards to be won1) The building
  that stays standing with the best Owners
  Performance Index
• 2) The group with the best (most beautiful)
  architectural rendering.
• 3) The group with the most understandable
  construction drawings and best interview.
• 4) Perhaps some mystery awards.

There will be prizes!!! (TBA Later)
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Final Questions?
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Sources/Resources

• http//www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/quiz/i
  ndex.html
• http//geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs068-03/fs0
  68-03.pdf
• http//www.holmesgroup.com/baseisolation.html
• http//www.sdsheriff.net/ccweb/building.htm
• http//www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/engineering
  /engineering5.html
• http//www.lacityhall.org/isohow.html
• http//www.hepc.go.jp/english/pdf/GHEQ_A.pdf
• http//www.hepc.go.jp/english/04a01_1.html
• http//192.107.65.2/GLIS/HTML/gn/turchi/g5turchi.h
  tm
• http//www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/04jan/09.htm
• http//www.djc.com/news/co/11134804.html
• http//www.earthquakeprotection.com/benicia_martin
  ez_bridge.html
• http//www.earthquakeprotection.com/product2.html
• http//www.palldynamics.com/main.htm
• http//www.tdx.cesca.es/TESIS_UPC/AVAILABLE/TDX-12
  17103-104653/03Chapt02.pdf
• http//www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/news_e/pr0011
  /m0011_05.htm
• http//structures.ucsd.edu
• http//www1.cs.columbia.edu/sedwards/photos/taiwa
  n200508/20050814-152320Tuned20Mass20Damper20Ta
  ipei20101.jpg.html
• http//webshaker.ucsd.edu