Seismic Geotechnical Engineering

1
??????? ???????????? ????????? Seismic
Geotechnical Engineering

• SOIL LIQUEFACTION
• ???? ??????
• ???????
• ??????

??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 2016/2017
2
????? ?????

• ???????
• ???? ??????
• ????? ???? ??????
• ????? ??????? ???? ??????
• ??????

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
Niigata in 1964.
6
(No Transcript)
7
Kobe 1995
8

• Kobe 1995

9

• San Fernando dam ,San Fernando earthquake, 1971.

10

• Niigata 1964.

11
(No Transcript)
12

• Niigata 1964.

13
Taiwan 1999
14
Taiwan 1999
15

• 1964 Alaskan earthquake.

16
Hanshin Express way
1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan
17
Kobe 1995.
18
Alaska earthquake, USA,1964
19
1957 Lake Merced slide
20
the banks of the Motagua River following the 197
Guatemala Earthquake.
21
Quay walls on Rokko Island. Kobe 1995.
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
25
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
26
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
27
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
28
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
29
1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake
30
Adapazari -Liquefaction Effects on Shallow
Foundations
31
Road near Pajaro River, 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquake
32
Lower San Fernando Dam -Liquefaction-induced
Failure of the Upstream Slope
33
Liquefaction failure of Tanks at Kobe 1999, Japan)
34
??????

• ?????? Liquefaction
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?
  ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
• - ?????? ????????? Initial Liquefaction
• ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
  ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????,??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????
  ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????
  ??????.
• ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????
• Initial Liquefaction With Cyclic Mobility
• ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????
  ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ??? , ? ??? ???? ??? ??????
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????
  ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

35
???? ???? ??????

• ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????
  ???????
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????
  ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.
• ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
• ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?
  ?????? ????? ????
• ??? ???? ?????? ????????,????? ?????? ????? ????
  ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????.

36
r -2
r -2
r -0.5

Rayleigh wave

Vertical component
Horizontal component
Relative amplitude
Shear wave


-
-
r -1

Compression wave

r
r -1
Shear window
Wave Type Percentage of Total Energy
Rayleigh 67
Shear 26
Compression 7
Waves
37
Waves
Rayleigh, R Surface
Shear,S Secondary
Compression, P Primary
38
??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????
??????
????? ???? ??????
??? ????? ???????
39
???? ??????? ?????????? ,????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????
? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????.
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????
40

• ???? ?????? ??????
• ????? ?????? ?????? (?? ???? ?? ???? ???????) ??
  ????
• ???? ??? ????? ,????? ?????? cu ??? ?? 15.
• ????? ???? ???? 50 ?? D50 ?????? ???
  (0.05-1.5)??.
• ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ???? 15 ?? D15 ???? ?? (0.005)??.
• ?? ??????? ??? ?? (35)
• ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  ???.

41

• ?????? ?????
• S (sn u) tan f
• z ??? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? U ?wz
• z ????????? ???????? ??? ????? sn ?satz
• ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????b?sat-?w
• ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????u ?whw
• S (?bz ?whw) tan f
• ?bz ?whw
• hw/z ?sat-1/1e ?b/ ?w icr

42
????????? ??????? ????????

• ???
• sv??????? ???????? ??????
• K0 ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
• K0sv ??????? ?????? ??????

43
???? ???????
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
????? ??????

• ???? Casagrande 1936 ????? ?????,??? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????
  ????? ????? ????? ????,???? ???????? ????????
  ???? ???????,???? ???? ???????? ?????? ecr

47

• ??? Casagrande ?? ???? ecr ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ??????? ??????

48
(No Transcript)
49
????? ??????

• ????? Masalov 1957 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
  ????? acr ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
• ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????
• ??????? ????????
• ????? ??????? ??????

50
????? ??????

• ??????? ??????? ?? D50
• ????? ???????? ????? ecr
• ????? ?????? ?????
• ??? ??????? ??? ?????
• ??? ???????
• ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? -???????? ?????
??????. -???????? ? ???? ???????.
51
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????

• ?????? ????? ?????
• ??????? ??????? ??????????
• ????? ????????
• ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
• ??????? ???????? ??????
• ??? ???? ???????
• ?????? ?????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ??????

52
?????? ????? ?????

• ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????,??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ,???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ???? ?? ????? ?????.
• ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??? ??? 10 ? ? ???? D50 ?????? ?? ???
  (0.2-2.0 ??) ,???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??
  (??? ??? ??? 20 ?).
• ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ???? ???? ?????? 20 .
• ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
• ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
  ???????? ????.

53
??????? ??????? ??????????

• ???? ??????? ??????? ????????
• e ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.
• emax????? ???????? ???????.
• emin????? ???????? ???????.

54
????? ????????

• ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??
  ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????,??????,???
  ? ????????,????? ???????,????? ?????.
• ??? ? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??
  ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????.
• ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????
  ??????????? ??? ??? ?????,???? ???? ?????? ??
  ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
  ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????
  ??? ??????
• ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??
  ?????????? ?????????.
• ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????
  ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
  ????? ??????.

55
????? ????????

• ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????
  ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????(10) ????? ???
  ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????
• Mlog A
• A????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ?????????(0.0001) ?? ??? ?????(100) ?? ?? ????
  ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????.
• ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????
• Log E 11.81.5 M
• ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? M ?????? (0.2) ???
  ?????? ??????? E ?????? ????? , ? ????? ????? M
  ??????(1) ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (32)
  ???.

56
??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????

• ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????
  ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???
  ??? ??????.
• ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????
  (??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????) ???? ????? ??????
  ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????
  ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????
  ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????
  ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
  ??? ???????,? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???
  ??????? ? ???? ??????.
• ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????
  ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ,? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ????? (???? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????
  ??????) ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????
  ?????? ???? ?????? (200) ??? ????????? ?? ????
  ?????? ???????.

57
????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????

• ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????
  ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???
  ????? ???????? ???????????.
• ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? , ????
  ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????
  ??????? ????????? ???? , ???? ??? ????? ??? ???
  ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
• ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  ??????.
• ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? (??????? ?? ????
  ?????????) ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ,??? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? K0 ???

58
??????? ???????? ??????

• ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????
  ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
• ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ,
  ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ( ?????
  ???? ???? ?????).
• ???? Seed ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (
  ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? Dr )
  ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ( ??? (200
• ? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? , ???
  ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? , ?? ?????? ?? ????
  ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????.

59
??? ???? ????????

• ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????
  ??????.
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????
  ???????? , ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????
  ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? .
• ??????? ?????? ?????? USC

60
?????? ?????? ???????

• ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ,? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????
  ?????? ?????? (??? ????? ????? ????).
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?????
  ?????? , ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??
  ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ,???????? ,????
  ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????.
• ???? (Finn 1970) ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????? (?? ????? ??????? ????? ) ?
  ???? ????? ?????? (????? ??????? ?????) ??????
  ???? ???? ??????? .
• ???? (Seed 1976) ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????
  ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??????? (Dr) ?????? ??????? , ??? ??? ???? ???
  ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ( 1.5).

61
???? ???????? ????????

• ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???
• 1- ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???
  ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? , ? ???????
  ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? .
• 2- ??? ????? ???? ???????? , ???? ???? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
• ??? Hu Xi (1991) ????? ???????? ??????? ???????
  
• 1- ????? ???? ??????? ?? (100 ) ???? ?????? ????
  ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ??????? ?????? (0.5 ) ???? ?????? ??????
  ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ( 20-30 ).
• 2- ???????? , ????? ???? ??????? , ????? ??? ??
  ???? ???? , ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
  ??????.
• 3- ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? , ???? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? , ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
• - ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ,
  ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? .

62

• ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????
  ???? ????????? ???????
• Cyclic direct shear test ?????? ???? ???????
  ??????
• Cyclic triaxial test
• ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
• Shake Table
• ????? ????????

63
??????
?? ???? ??????
?? ???? ?? ?????
?? ???? ???
64
Cyclic Direct Shear Test ????? ???? ??????? ??????
65
Cyclic Direct Shear Test ????? ???? ??????? ??????

• ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????
  ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ,??? ??
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ,? ???????
  ???? ??????? ??????? ???
• ( ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????).?? ???
  ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????
  ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? .
• ? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?
  ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???
  ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ?????? ,???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ? ????

66
Cyclic Direct Shear Test ????? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
67
????? ?????????? ?????????

• ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ???? Monterey ???????? ???? ????
  ?????? , ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????
• 1- ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???????
  , ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ??????.
• 2- ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????? ,??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????.
• 3- ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?????
  ????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
  ,????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

68
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
??? Monterey (Peacock and Seed,1968).
69

• ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? (
  ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????)
• ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? (80) , ??? ??????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ,?????
  ???? ??? ?? ????? . ??? ?????? ????? ???? (?
  ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????) ??? ??????? ???? ???
  ????.

70
????? ???? ???????? Influence of Test Condition

• ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? , ???? ????? ??? ???
  ???????? (??? ???????) ?? ???? ???????, ??? ????
  ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ,??? ???? ???
  ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?
  ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? , ???? ????
  ????? ??????? ?? ???? ,??? ?????? ???????? ??
  ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? (15-50) ?? ??? ???? ???
  ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???
  ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? Seed and Peacock, 1971
  ,??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (20) ??
  ????? ???????? ,?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? .

71
????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??
??????? ??????

• ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ,?????
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ?? ???? ?????? . ???? ??????
  ,????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (OCR). ? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????
  ???? ?????? ?????? , ??? ???? ????? ??
  ?????? , ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
  ?? ??? ???? ????? ??

72
????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? Rate
of Excess Pore Water Pressure Increase

• ??? ???? ?? Seed and Booker, 1977 ? Delba ,Chan
  and Seed, 1975 ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????
  ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????
  ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????
  ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (Seed, Martin,
  and Lysmer , 1975)
• ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ??? ???? ?????? ??????.
• ??? ????? ????? ????? ????.
• ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ????? ??????? (0.7).

73
? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? , ???? ??
????? ????????

• ???
• ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

74
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????
???? ??????? (Seed and Booker,1977).
75
?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????
??????? ? ???? ??????? - RD50 (DeAlba, Seed
and Chan 1976).
76
????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????
??????? ? ???? ???????- RD50
77
Cyclic Triaxial Test ????? ???????? ???????
??????? ??????
78
?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? Dynamic
Triaxial Test

• ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
  ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? (4a) ? ???? ?????? ???
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????
  ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ?? ????? (4b), ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ? ???????
  ??????
• ??? ?? ????? (4c) ,???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???
  ?????? ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ????? (4d) , ? ???? ?????????
  ??????? ??? ??????? x-x ??????? ??????? ?????
  , ????? ????
• ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? y-y ???????
  ??????? ?????
• ????? ????
• ???? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? (4e), ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
  ???????? ????? ?? ????? (4f). ? ???? ?????????
  ??????? ??? ??????? x-x ??????? ??????? ?????
  ,??????? ????
• ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? y-y
  ??????? ??????? ?????
• ????? ????

79

• ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????
  ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????, ??? ??????
  ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? x-x,
  y-y? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
  ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? (3b). ??????? ?????
  ?????? ,??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??
  ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????
  ,?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ??? ,???? ?????? ???????? ,??? ?? ???? ??
  ????? (5a). ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ?????
  ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????
  ???????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  (5b) ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
  (5c) ? (5d). ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  (5d) ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ???????? ??????? ,???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (5b) ? ???? ?? ??? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ?????(4c) ?? ???? ??? ???
  ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????
  ????? ?? ????? (5c). ???? ????? , ??? ???????
  ?????? ?? ????? (5e) ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
  (5f) ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? (5g). ?????
  ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? (5g) ?? ??? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (5e), ???? ?????? ????
  ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ??? ??????? ?? ????? (5f).

80
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????
?????? ????? ???????.
81
(No Transcript)
82
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????
??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????
??????? (20 ) ? ????? ??????.
83
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???
Sacramento ?????? (a) ???? ???????? ???????
??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. (b) ??????
??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????
????? ???????. (c) ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
(?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????) ???????
???? ???? ????? ??????? (Seed and Lee,1966).
84
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???
Sacramento ?????? (a) ???? ???????? ???????
??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? , (b) ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????
????? ??????? ??????? (Seed and Lee,1966).
85
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?
????? ????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ???????? ?????
  ????? ??????? ,??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
  , ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ???? , (?? ??? ???
  ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  ??????)Seed and Peacock (1971) , ???? ?????????
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
• ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
  ????? ?????? ,???? ?? ???? ???? ???? , ?? ????
  ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ????
• ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?
  ???????
• ??

86

• 2- ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????
  ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??
  ?????? , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???
  ??????? ??????? .
• 3- ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??
  ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
  ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????
  ??????
• ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
• ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ,???? ????? ????
  ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? (Consolidation)
  ? ???????

87
(No Transcript)
88

• ??
• 4- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ,????
  ??? ?????? ?????? ?
  ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ? ???????
• ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????

89

• ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???????.
• ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
• ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
• ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
  ??? ,????? ?? ?????? ?????? ,???? ?? ??? ??????
  ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ,
  ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? (45-50) ?
  ??????? ?????? ??????? 47.
• ???? Finn, Emery and Gupta (1971) ??? ?? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ,
  ????? , ???? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ???????? (Jaky, 1944)

90

• ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????
  ???????
• ????? Castro (1975) ????? ????? ???????? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
  Octahedral Shear Stress ??? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?
  ????? ????????
• ??? ????????? ????????
  ???????? ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????.

91

• ????? ???? ???? ???????
  ?????? ? ????? ????????
• ??? ????????? ????????
  ???????? , ??????? ? ???????? ???? ???????
  ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ???
• ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????
• ? ???????

92

• ??
• ??
• ? ??????? ???

93
????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????

• ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??
  ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? (15-50) ??
  ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? , ?
  ???????
• ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?? ????? ??????, ? ???????
• ???

94
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
???????? ???? ????? ?? ? ???
??????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??????? ???? ?????? ???
???? ?? ??????? ??????? , ??? ?? ???? ??
????? ??????
95
???? ?? ??????? ???????
96
?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ,???????? ????
??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???????
?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ,? ??? ,
??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????
??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???????
97

• ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
  ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????
  ?????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
  ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ??????, ? ??????? ???

98
?????? ???????? ??????? SPT
99
?????? ???????? ??????? SPT
100
?????? ???????? ??????? SPT
101
?????? ???????? ??????? SPT
102
?????? ???????? ??????? SPT
103
????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????CRR ?????????
??? ?????? SPT
??? Em?????? ??????? (0.45,0.6) Cb ???? ?????
??? ??? ?????? (1,1.05,1.15) Cr ???? ????? ???
?????? (0.75,0.85,0.95,1) N ??? ??????? ???????
??????? ??? 305 ?? ?? ??????
??? ??????? ???????? ??????
104
(No Transcript)
105
(No Transcript)
106
(No Transcript)
107
(No Transcript)
108
(No Transcript)
109
(No Transcript)
110

• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ???????

111
(No Transcript)
112

• t rD (?h amax )/g
• ???
• t ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
• ? ????? ?????? ??????.
• amax ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
• g ????? ???????? ???????
• h ?????? ??????
• rD ???? ????? ????????? , ? ?????
  ????? ???? ??????

113
(No Transcript)
114
(No Transcript)
115

• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
  ????? ,????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? . ? ??????? ??????
  ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 0.65

• ?????Seed et al ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
  ????? ????????? ???????? Neq (???? ????? 65 ??
  ????? ???? ?????? ??????? i.e. tcyc0.65 tmax)
  ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????

116
(No Transcript)
117
(No Transcript)
118

• ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????
  ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???????
• tav 0.65 rD (?h amax )/g
• ???
• tav ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
• ? ????? ?????? ??????.
• amax ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
• g ????? ???????? ???????
• h ?????? ??????
• rD ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????
  ??????
• rD 1 - 0.012 Z
• Z ????? ?????? ??????

119
(No Transcript)
120
????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? CRR
121
????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? CRR
122
????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? CRR
123
??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????
???????? ????? ??????? ??????

• (th/sv) ???? ??????? Cr (1/2 x sd/s3 )?????
  ???????
• ??? th ????? ???? ?????? (th/sv)????
  ??????? ??????cyclic resistance ratio CRR
• sv ??????? ????????
• sd ??? ???????deviator stress s3 ?????
  ??????? ??????
• Cr ????? ?????

124
(No Transcript)
125

• ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ???????,???? ???????
• (tavg/sv) Cr(1/2 x sd/s3)????? ???????
• ?? ???
• RD2/RD1
• ???RD1 ?? ??????? ??????? ????????
• RD2?? ??????? ??????? ???????

126

• ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???
  ??????? ????? ?????? CSR (1/2 x sd/s3) ???
  ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????,
  ? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
  ,????? ???? ??????? ??? CSR ? ??? ????? ?????
  ?????????.

127
???? ???? ???? CSR ????? ?????? ??? ??????? D 50
128
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????(SPT)
??????CSR ?? ??? ???????. ? ??????? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??
???????   ? CSR x sv   ??? sv ???????
???????? ??????
129
(No Transcript)
130
(No Transcript)
131
(No Transcript)
132

• ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
  cyclic shear stresses ?
• ?????? ???? the shear resistance ??? ??????
  ???????? ,??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??
  ????????? ????????.

• ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  ,???? ???? ??????.

133
(No Transcript)
134
(No Transcript)
135
(No Transcript)
136
?????? ???????? ???????? CPT
137
?????? ???????? ???????? CPT
138
?????? ???????? ???????? CPT
139
?????? ???????? ???????? CPT
?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????
?????. ?????? ??????? ????????.
140
?????? ???????? ???????? CPT
141
(No Transcript)
142
(No Transcript)
143
(No Transcript)
144
(No Transcript)
145
(No Transcript)
146
(No Transcript)
147
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????
148
(No Transcript)
149
???? ????? ???? ???????
150
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????
151
(No Transcript)
152
(No Transcript)
153
(No Transcript)
154
(No Transcript)
155
(No Transcript)
156
(No Transcript)
157
?????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????
158
?????? ?????? ??????
159
????? CRR ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????
160
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? CRR
161
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? CRR
162
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? CRR
163
Vibrocompactage
Barrage de lOued Ziatine - Cap Serrat (Tunisie)
164
(No Transcript)
165
Collonnes Ballastees
166
Collonnes Ballastees
167
(No Transcript)
168
Dynamic Compaction
169
Dynamic Compaction
170
Vibroflotation
171
Vibroflotation
172
Prechargement
173
?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????
174
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
175
(No Transcript)
176
????

• ????? ???? ??? , ????
• ?? ??? ??????? ???????? , ??? ????? ???????
  ????????? ??????? ???????? (?? ??? ????? ????? )
  ?? ?????? ????? ????? (30) , ? ??? ????? ???????
  ????? (65) ?????. ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ,??
  ????? ?? (12) ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????
  (?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ) ?????
  ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??
  ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? (0.25) ? ?
  (rg 0.6) ,??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????
  ???????.
•  

177
????
?? ???
178
???????? ????? ??????
179
?? ???
???????? ????? ??????
180
? ???????
181
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
182
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
183
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
184
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
185
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
186
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
187
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ????
188
?????? ?????? ??????
189
?????? ?????? ??????
190
?????? ?????? ??????
191
????? ?????? ??????? ???? Vertical Rigid Inclusion
????? ???? ??????, ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?
??? ???? ????????, ????? ? ????? ????????
192
????? Mat
??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????
???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????
193
????? ???? ? ????? ????
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?
???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????.
194
????? ????????
195
????? ???????? ??????? ?????
196
(No Transcript)
197
?? ??????
?????? ??????
198
????? ?????? ???????? ?????
??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ??????? ???? ??????(????? 4 ?) ???? ??? ?????
??? ??? ????, ? ??? ????? ??? ?????.? ???? ???
??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
????? ,????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???
????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????.
199
????? ?????? ???????? ?????
200
??? ??????
201
(No Transcript)
202
(No Transcript)