1501 Personality

1
1501 Personality

• Definition
• All those relatively permanent traits,
  dispositions, or characteristics within the
  individual that give some measure of consistency
  to that persons behavior.

2
Psychodynamic theories

• Nature of psychodynamic theories
• Common beliefs
• Psychic energy the sources of a persons
  motivation to think, feel, and behave.
• Internal conflict the sources of psychic energy
  push the person in many directions.
• Determinism our behavior is rule by forces over
  which we have little control.
• unconscious

3
Freud

• Motivation 2 instincts life (sex),
  death(aggression),/ reduce tension
• Construct
• id
• Primitive
• Instinctive
• Operates according to the pleasure principle
• Demand immediate gratification
• Primary process thinking which is
  irrational/illogical

4
Cont. Freud

• Ego
• Decision-making
• Operates according to reality principle which
  delays gratification
• Secondary process thinking
• Superego
• Moral component
• Operates by the idealistic principle
• Emerges later than the id or ego, largely through
  our identification with our parents.

5
Cont. Freud

• 3 levels of awareness
• Conscious
• Preconscious
• Unconscious

6
Cont. Freud

• Development psychosexual
• Oral
• 0 to 1
• Fixation leads to smoking, alcoholic
• Oral eroticism likely to be cheerful, expects to
  be taken care of.
• Oral sadism looking for times to bite your
  head off

7
Cont. Freud

• Anal
• 1 to 3
• Start of ego development
• Retentive neatness, clean
• Expulsive messy/disorganized
• Phallic
• 3 to 6
• Oedipal complex
• Castration anxiety/penis envy

8
Cont Freud

• Latency
• Spans 7 to adolescence
• Sexuality subsides
• focus on same gender
• Genital
• spans adolescence to adult
• sex energy focused on genitals
• social focus on opposite gender

9
Cont Freud

• Abnormal behaviors stem from
• conflict with id/ego that results in anxiety
• fixations
• use of defense mechanisms
• Research to support theory is very limited.

10
Neo-Freudians Jung

• Motivation
• psychic energy called libido
• Construct
• Ego
• personal unconscious
• collective unconscious
• collection of all ancestral memories that share
  with the human race
• focused around specific ideas/images called
  archetypes

11
Cont. Jung

• Key archetypes
• Persona
• Public personality
• Anima/Animus
• feminine side of men/masculine side of women
  respectively
• Shadow
• animal instinct

12
Cont. Jung

• Development is not stage oriented
• Innate libido
• At age 5, sexual values appear and reach their
  height in adolescence
• During youth and early adult years, basic life
  instincts appear
• In the late 30s and 40s, people experience a
  radical transvaluation.

13
Cont. Jung

• Abnormal behavior comes from
• Neglecting a part of the personality
• Research is very limited

14
Cont. Neo-Freudians Alfred Adler

• Motivation
• innate social urges
• Construct
• Striving for superiority
• Inferiority/compensation
• Style of life (develops around 4 or 5y out of the
  inferiority, ie., intellect leads to reading,
  studying, thinking and yields all life
  activities)
• Creative self

15
Cont. Adler

• Abnormal behavior stems from
• organic infermity
• pampering
• rejection
• Research
• very limited

16
Neo-Freudian Karen Horney

• Cultural variables are the fundamental basis for
  the development of personality
• essential concept of her theory is basic anxiety
  (feeling of isolation in a hostile world)
• Women feel inferior, look at social status

17
Cont. Horney

• Men have womb envy
• Try to glorify their genitals because they envy
  womens ability to give birth and fear womens
  sexual power over them.

18
Cont. Neo-Freudians Object-relations

• Key contributors
• Melanie Klein and Art Fairburn
• Emphasized the childs need for a powerful
  mother.
• Basic human drive is the need to be in
  relationships as they are sources of attachment.
• Basic tension between independence/connection to
  others.

19
Cont. Object-relations

• Men have an insecure identity, rigid ego
  boundaries, problems permitting close attachments
• Womens identity is more secure, boundaries are
  permeable, problems in increasing autonomy and
  individuation.
• Evaluate Psychodynamic theory - see page 435

20
Humanism

• Carl Rogers
• Motivation
• innate striving for actualization
• Construct
• self-concept
• collection of beliefs about ones own nature,
  unique qualities
• organism locus of all experience

21
Cont. Rogers

• Development
• Need for affection, love, acceptance
• Depends on the parent/child relationship
• Abnormal behavior stems from
• Incongruences
• that are the result of inconsistent thoughts of
  self-concept and responses to other people.
• Research poor Evaluate see 437

22
Self-actualizing has 5 characteristics

• They constantly grow and evolve
• They are open to experience, avoid defensiveness
• They trust themselves but can still seek guidance
• They have achieved unconditional acceptance from
  at least some others.
• They live fully in the present.

23
Cognitive-Behavioral

• Radical behaviorist considers personality an
  illusion while the cognitive/social-learning says
  we learn to deal with environment.

24
Cont. Cognitive-behavioral

• Motivation
• Skinner Bandura
• Reinforcement Reinforcement
• Construct
• 
  Self-efficacy
• Development
• interaction with environment modeling
• Abnormal
• reinforce abnormal behavior modeling abnormal beh
• Research - Strong

25
Cont. cognitive-behavioral

• Another theory to consider is by
• Julian Rotter/ internal vs external locus of
  control.
• Critique see pg. 441

26
Trait Theories

• Traits are stable sources of individual
  differences
• Some theories believe traits are inherited ie.,
  Thomas and Chess.
• Some theories believe there is a set of traits
  that all people possess but to varying degrees
  ie., Raymond Cattells factor analytic theory.

27
Cont. Trait

• Some theories believe that individuals have an
  individual set of traits, ie, Gordon Allport.
• Cardinal
• Central,
• Secondary

28
Assessing Personality

• Projective tests, ie., Rorschach, TAT
• Objective tests, ie., MMPI-2, 16-Personality
  Factor (16-PF)