GOAL TWO 2.03

1
GOAL TWO2.03

• Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)
• The learner will assess the competing forces of
  expansionism.
• Distinguish between the economic and social
  issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism.

2
Samuel Morse

• (1791-1872), inventor and painter. Principally
  known for his invention of the telegraph (first
  inaugurated in 1844) and his development of the
  Morse code for telegraphic messages, Morse
  revolutionized communications. His work on the
  telegraph, however, occurred relatively late in
  his life, only after he was unable to make a
  living at his first passion, art. After studying
  painting in London with Benjamin West and
  Washington Allston, Morse returned to America in
  1815, where he painted portraits of many
  well-known figures.

3
Samuel Morse

• He founded the National Academy of Design,
  serving as its president from 1826 to 1842. Morse
  also exerted an influence on nineteenth-century
  politics. An avid anti-Catholic, he wrote a
  series of newspaper articles (collected in a
  best-selling book in 1835) that denounced the
  Roman Catholic church and opposed immigration of
  Catholics into the United States. This stirred
  nativist feelings that persisted for many years.

4
Eli Whitney

• (1765-1825), inventor. As inventor of the cotton
  gin (patented in 1794), which separated lint from
  cotton seeds, Whitney helped make cotton the
  principal money crop of the South. He obtained a
  government contract for ten thousand muskets in
  1798, and used interchangeable parts to
  manufacture the firearms in his New Haven,
  Connecticut, factory, becoming one of the first
  to use mass production methods. His manufacturing
  techniques influenced those of Ford Henry, Colt
  Samuel, and others.

5
John Deere

• (1804-86), inventor and manufacturer. Deere in
  1837 invented the first steel plow in the United
  States. His manufacturing business, established
  in 1839, was turning out over ten thousand plows
  per year by 1857. In 1868 Deere Company began
  manufacturing cultivators and other agricultural
  implements, becoming one of the industry leaders.

6
Cyrus McCormick

• (1809-84), inventor and industrialist. McCormick
  revolutionized farming in 1832 with his invention
  of the mechanical reaper, a device to gather and
  cut grain. Horsedrawn, it enabled farmers to
  reduce the number of laborers while increasing
  the speed of harvesting. His invention eventually
  cut costs for both farmers and consumers.

7
Erie Canal

• (1825), a waterway connecting Buffalo on Lake
  Erie to Albany on the Hudson River, thus
  providing a water route from the Great Lakes to
  the Atlantic Ocean. Built by the state of New
  York through the efforts of Governor DeWitt
  Clinton, the Erie Canal made it possible to move
  manufactured goods inexpensively and more
  quickly. Originally ridiculed as "Clinton's
  ditch," it cut shipping costs, which reduced
  selling prices of goods. The canal became a
  rallying point for those advocating governmental
  power to make internal improvements.

8
Cotton Kingdom

• Expression used by Southern authors and orators
  before the Civil War to indicate the economic
  dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and
  that the North needed the South's cotton. In a
  speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond
  declared, "You daren't make war against cotton!
  ...Cotton is king!".

9
1st Industrial Revolution

• the transformation, during the 1700s and early
  1800s, from making goods in small shops or homes
  by hand to making them in factories with machines
  and, later, on assembly lines. The Industrial
  Revolution began in Great Britain, and its spread
  changed the Western world from a rural,
  agricultural society to an urban and industrial
  one. The rapid economic change following the
  Civil War has sometimes been called the New
  Industrial Revolution.

10
Nativism

• An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's
  and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and
  German Catholics.

11
Know-Nothings

• also called the American party, formed in the
  1850s to oppose immigration and the election of
  Roman Catholics to political office. Because its
  members originally met in secret and were
  unwilling to divulge what they stood for, their
  name came from their response to questions "I
  know nothing." They nominated ex-president
  Millard Fillmore in 1856 and won the electoral
  votes of Maryland. The party failed because of
  its unwillingness to take a stand on the issue of
  slavery.

12
William Lloyd Garrison

• (1805-79), abolitionist. Garrison founded the
  antislavery newspaper the Liberator in 1831 and
  published it until 1865, when slavery was
  abolished. He helped organize the American
  Anti-Slavery Society in 1833, serving as its
  president from 1843 to 1865. Once almost lynched
  by an angry Boston mob because of his extreme
  abolitionist views and such tactics as burning
  the Constitution and urging northern secession
  from the Union, Garrison railed against the
  federal government for years but eventually
  supported Abraham Lincoln after he issued the
  preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in 1862.

13
Frederick Douglass

• (1818-95), an escaped slave who became a
  prominent abolitionist. Douglass escaped from
  Baltimore, Maryland, and settled in New Bedford,
  Massachusetts, where he worked as a chimney sweep
  and laborer. A celebrated orator, he spoke
  tirelessly for the antislavery cause. To elude
  slave-catchers, he fled to England, bought his
  freedom, and returned to Massachusetts, where he
  founded the abolitionist newspaper The North
  Star. During the Civil War Douglass helped
  recruit black troops into the Union army (his own
  son served in the first black regiment) and was
  an adviser to Abraham Lincoln. After
  Reconstruction he served as American minister to
  Haiti.