Endocrine System

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Endocrine System
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Hormone

• molecule that is released in one part of the
  body but regulates the activity of cells in
  another part
• Chemical signal travels thru blood, binds to a
  receptor and causes changes
• Hormon to set in motion

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How different from NS?

• Non-conscious
• Slower onset
• Longer lasting
• Circulate widely
• Only affects sensitive area (receptor)
• Different effects can happen with different
  levels.

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Pineal gland

• Melatonin (regulation of sleep/wake cycles,
  overall level of activity, reproductive cycles)

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Pineal Gland

• Seasonal affective disorder ? depression, desire
  to sleep w/onset of winter

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Hypothalamus

• Produces secretes 6 releasing and inhibiting
  hormones ? act on diff cells in pituitary glands
  anterior lobe
• Hence, master of the master gland
• Produces ADH (conserves water) and oxytocin
  (roles in childbirth, milk secretion formation
  of attachments)

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Pituitary gland the master gland

• controlled by the hypothalamus
• two lobes anterior and posterior

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Pituitary Gland

• Anterior lobe
• 4 hormones stimulate other glands.
• ? ACTH -- adrenocorticotrophic hormone
• ? TSH -- thyroid stimulating hormone
• ? FSH follicle stimulating hormone
• LH luteinizing hormone
• 2 others stimulate overall growth and development
• ? prolactin ? mammary glands
• ? somatotopin ? GH promotes growth in young
• Posterior Lobe
• Stores, secretes 2 hypothalamic hormones (ADH and
  oxytocin)

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Remember oxytocin?
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Pituitary Gland

• Pituitary dwarfism undersecretion of hGH during
  the growth years
• Giantism (gigantism) oversecretion of hGH
  during childhood
• Acromegaly over-secretion of hGH during
  adulthood (see bk)

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Thyroid Gland

• Throxine and triiodothyronine T3 and T4 (roles
  in growth, development, metabolic control)
• Contain iodine
• Calcitonin (decreases blood levels of calcium
  ions)

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Thyroid problems?

• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism

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Thyroid Gland

• Cretinism congenital hypothyroidism (see bk)
• Myxedema (adult hypothyroidism) puffy face,
  slow heart rate
• Graves disease production of antibodies that
  mimic TSH ? large thyroid

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Goiter enlarged thyroid due to lack of iodine
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Parathyroid glands (4)

• Parathyroid hormone (increases blood levels of
  calcium ions)
• Hypoparathyroidism ? deficiency of Ca2,
  spontaneous action potentials

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Thymus gland

• Thymosins (roles in immunity)
• Lymphoma/Hodgkins Disease ? cancer

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Adrenal glands (2)

• Cortex
• Cortisol (affects glucose metabolism) and
  aldosterone (conserves sodium) and androgens
• Medulla
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine (these interact,
  in concert with the sympathetic nervous system,
  to help adjust organ activities, especially
  during times of excitement or stress)

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Adrenal Gland

• Cushings syndrome ? breakdown of muscle proteins
  redistribution of fat ? spindly arms and legs,
  moon face
• Addisons disease ? lethargy, anorexia, nausea,
  weakness, dec cardiac output
• Pheochromocytomas ? over-secretion of
  epinephrine, prolonged fight-or-flight
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) --gt low
  cortisol, enlarged adrenal glands, virilism
  (masculinization)

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Pancreas

• controls glucose metabolism
• Insulin (lowers blood level of glucose)
  facilitates glucose entry into cells and glycogen
  formation in the liver
• Glucagon (raises blood level of glucose)
  increases blood glucose levels but causing
  breakdown of glycogen

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Pancreas

• Diabetes mellitus liver body unable to take
  up and/or metabolize glucose
• Type I
• Type II
• Hyperinsulinism

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Gonads

• Ovaries
• Estrogens and progesterone (maintain primary sex
  organs, influence secondary sexual traits)
• Testes
• Testosterone (develops and maintains primary sex
  organs, influences secondary sexual traits)

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Bibliography

• Human Biology Sylvia Mader
• Introduction to the Human Body Tortora and
  Grabowski
• Anatomy and Physiology Jenkins, Kemnitz and
  Tortora