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Politische Kultur und Effektive Demokratie

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This also creates a 0-to-6 scale, measuring support for autocracy. ... then subtract the 'support for autocracy' scale from the 'support for democracy' ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Politische Kultur und Effektive Demokratie


1
Politische Kultur und Effektive Demokratie
Eine Vergleichende Analyse
Christian Welzel International University Bremen
(IUB) c.welzel_at_iu-bremen.de
Universität Mainz, Institut für
Politikwissenschaft (02 / 2003)
2
Diskurse um den Stellenwert politischer Kultur in
der Demokratie
  • Traditionslinien der Civic Culture Studie
  • Die strittige Kausalitätsfrage

3
Die zentrale Fragestellung
  • Welche Bürgereinstellungen befördern
  • effektive Demokratie am stärksten?

4
Drei Erklärungsansätze
  • Politische Legitimität bzw. Unterstützung
  • Zivilkultur, kommunitaristische Variante
  • Zivilkultur, emanzipatorische Variante

5
Politische Legitimität, Unterstützung
  • Entscheidender als alltagsweltliche
    Orientierungen sind unmittelbar auf die
    staatlich-politische Ordnung und ihre
    Institutionen gerichtete Orientierungen.
  • Entscheidend sind insbesondere Vertrauen in
    Institutionen und Systempräferenzen, weil sie
    Legitimität stiften.

6
Institutionenvertrauen Systempräferenzen
  • Institutionenvertrauen I am going to name a
    number of organizations. For each one, could you
    tell me how much confidence you have in them is
    it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of
    confidence, not very much confidence or none at
    all? Factor analysis indicates that Churches,
    Armed Forces, Legal System and Police
    tap a distinct dimension of Order Institutions
    while Government , Political parties
    Parliament and Civil service tap another
    dimension of Political Institutions. We summed
    up peoples confidence in each type of
    institutions to create scales of confidence in
    order institutions and political institutions,
    respectively.
  • Systempräferenzen This scale first sums up the
    respondents agreement with the statements
    Having a democratic political system and
    Democracy may have problems but its better than
    any other form of government. Support for these
    statements can be expressed in four categories
    very good (code 3), fairly good (code 2),
    fairly bad (code 1) and very bad (code 0)
    with the former and agree strongly (code 3),
    agree (code 2), disagree (code 1) and
    disagree strongly (code 0) with the latter.
    Thus, support for these statements adds up to
    produce a scale from 0 to 6, with 6 representing
    the highest support for democracy. In the second
    step, we sum up peoples agreement that Having a
    strong leader who does not have to bother with
    parliament and elections or Having the army
    rule would be a good way to run this country.
    This also creates a 0-to-6 scale, measuring
    support for autocracy. We then subtract the
    support for autocracy scale from the support
    for democracy scale to create an overall index
    of autocratic versus democratic support,
    ranging from 6 (maximum support for autocracy)
    to 6 (maximum support for democracy).

7
Zivilkultur, kommunitaristische Variante
  • Nicht unmittelbar politische Orientierungen,
    sondern Orientierungen von alltagsweltlicher
    Reichweite sind bedeutend.
  • Favorisiert werden Orientierungen, die für
    loyalitätsstiftende gemeinschaftliche Einbindung
    des Individuums stehen.
  • Zwei Indikatoren dominieren soziales Vertrauen,
    assoziative Aktivität

8
Soziales Vertrauen Assoziative Aktivität
  • Soziales Vertrauen Generally speaking, would
    you say that most people can be trusted or that
    you cant be too careful in dealing with people?
    Most people can be trusted, - Cant be too
    careful. I calculated the percentage of those
    saying most people can be trusted per nation
    (missing values excluded).
  • Assoziative Aktivität Now Im going to read off
    a list of voluntary organizations for each one,
    could you tell me whether you are an active
    member, an inactive member or not a member of
    that type of organization? Factor analyses show
    that four of these associations tap a distinct
    dimension of altruistic associations that
    pursue philanthropic purposes or public goods.
    These include Church or religious
    organizations, Art, music or educational
    organizations, Environmental organizations
    and Charitable organizations. Since the
    concept of social capital emphasizes face-to-face
    interaction, we gave scores of 1 for active
    membership and 0 for all other categories.
    These scores were summed to create a scale of
    active membership in altruistic associations, on
    which respondents can obtain any value from 0 to
    4.

9
Emanzipatorischer Ansatz
  • Nicht unmittelbar politische Orientierungen,
    sondern tiefersitzende alltagsweltliche
    Orientierungen sind entscheidend.
  • Indes, nicht loyalistische, sondern
    emanzipatorische Orientierungen, die auf
    individuelle Entscheidungs-freiheit und die
    Entfaltungschancen der Person abzielen, sind
    entscheidend.
  • Theorie der Humanentwicklung protektive vs.
    expressive Werte

10
Das Konzept der Humanentwicklung
11
Emanzipatorische Orientierungen Entfaltungswerte
  • Rational Reciprocity Haltung, die ego eine
    herausgehobene Rolle zuschreibt, dabei aber
    alter-ego mit Offenheit und Akzeptanz begegnet
  • Freiheitspräferenzen Respondents first and
    second priorities for giving people more say in
    important government decisions and protecting
    freedom of speech (V106-107) added to a
    four-point index, assigning 3 points for both
    items on first and second rank, 2 points for one
    of these items on first rank, 1 point for one of
    these items on second rank and 0 for none of
    these items on first or second rank. Aggregate
    data are national averages on this 0-3 scale.
  • Ziviler Protest Have done for signing
    petitions (V118) coded 1 and dichotomized
    against 0. Aggregate data are national
    percentages have done.
  • Toleranz menschlicher Unterschiede Not
    mentioned for disliked neighbors coded 1 and
    dichotomized against 0 scores added for
    neighbors with AIDS (V58) and homosexual
    neighbors (V60). Aggregate data are national
    averages on this 0-2 scale.
  • Soziales Vertrauen Respondents believing most
    people can be trusted (V27) dichotomized as 1
    against 0. Aggregate data are national
    percentages of people trusting.
  • Optimismus 10-point rating scale for life
    satisfaction (V65). Aggregate data are national
    averages on this 1-10 scale.

12
Abhängige Variable Effektive Demokratie
  • Es geht es nicht bloß um elektorale
    Demokratien, sondern um liberale Demokratien,
    die sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie die
    Menschen - durch negative und positive
    Freiheitsrechte - als Bürger emanzipieren.
  • Aus der Humanentwicklungs-Perspektive auf Bürger-
    und Menschenrechte eröffnen sich zwei
    Dimensionen.

13
Zwei Dimensionen Effektiver Demokratie
  • Reichweite der institutionalisierten
    Freiheitsrechte (formale Demokratie)
  • Effizienzfaktor Wirksamkeit der Freiheitsrechte
    im Handeln der Eliten (Elitenintegrität)
  • Effektive Demokratie Freiheitsrechte
    Effizienzfaktor
  • (Beachte Der Effizienzfaktor bietet keine
    Kompensation für geringe Freiheitsrechte. Er kann
    nur effizient machen, was gegeben ist.)

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18
Individual-Level Support for Democracy
19
Zur Komposition Emanzipatorischer Werte
20
Der Unschärfebereich in Linearen Beziehungen
21
Kulturzonen sind nach der Logik der
Humanentwicklung differenziert
22
Liberty Aspiration Index
23
Beispiele Kultureller Äquivalenz
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