Educational Psychology

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Educational Psychology Objectives LIS 6303

• Dave Lewis

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Educational Psychology

• Historical Background
• Cognitive Psychology(1880s - present)
• Behaviorism (1920s - present)
• Constructivism (1966 - present)

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Behaviorism

• The brain is to complex.
• The brain is like a black box.
• Lets study what we can measure.

• Few Behaviorists left...
• Despite talk of paradigm shiftsits still what we
  compare everything to.

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Cognitivism

• Creating models of how information is
• received
• processed
• manipulated by the learner.

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Constructivist Theory

• Learning is an active process in which learners
  construct new ideas or concepts based upon their
  current/past knowledge.
• 1966 Jerome Brunner

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Which is best?

• all of them
• Use them for their advantages.

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Robert Mager and Objectives

• Quotes
• Instructors simply function in a fog of their
  own making unless they know what they want their
  students to accomplish as a result of their
  instruction.
• or
• If you dont know where you are going, it is
  difficult to select a suitable means for getting
  there.

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Objectives

• Collections of more precise, more detailed
  statements relating to the different aspects of
  the fulfillment of specific aims.
• Often expressed as what a student should be able
  to do at the end of the course (terminal
• behavior) in order to demonstrate having
  achieved the more loosely defined goals.

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Objectives

• Objectives are useful
• in providing a sound basis for the selection or
  designing of instructional content and procedures
  
• for evaluating or assessing the success of
  instruction
• for organizing the students own efforts and
  instructional activities

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Objectives

• Examples
• The learner
• Use a computer to build a web page with Claris
  Homepage.
• Use Clip Art effectively in a PowerPoint
  Presentation.
• Use Netscape email to converse with the
  instructor.

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Objectives

• Describes an intended result rather than a
  process.
• Performed by the learner not the instructor.

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The Mager Model

• Identify the action the learner will be taking
  when he has achieved the objective.
• Describe the relevant conditions under which the
  learner will be acting.
• Specify how well the learner must perform the
  action.

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ABCD

• Audience - who
• Behavior - action performed
• Condition - under what conditions
• Degree - how well

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Audience

• The learners
• Identify who it is that will be doing the
  performance (not the instructor)

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Behavior (Performance)

• What the learner will be able to do.
• Make sure it is something measurable (that can
  be seen or heard).
• Action verbs.
• The true test -
• Hey mom watch me

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Condition

• State the conditions you will impose when
  learners are demonstrating their mastery of the
  objective.
• What will the learners be allowed to use?
• What won't the learners be allowed to use?
• Under what conditions must the mastery of skill
  occur?

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Degree

• A degree is the standard by which performance is
  evaluated. The communication power of
• an objective increases when you tell the learners
  HOW WELL the behavior must be done. Focus
• on answering the question, "What's good enough?"
• Common degrees include
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Quality

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The Difference between Goals and Objectives

• Goals are broad objectives are narrow.
• Goals are general intentions objectives are
  precise.
• Goals are intangible objectives are tangible.
• Goals are abstract objectives are concrete.
• Goals can't be validated as is objectives can be
  validated.

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ExampleGoals and Objectives

• Goals
• An Anatomy student will understand the human
  body.
• Hey mom watch me understand anatomy?
• Objectives
• The learner will name all of the bones in the
  human body as stated in the medical textbook "The
  Human Body.
• Hey mom listen to me name all of the bones in
  the human body.

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Objectives Exercise

• Condition
• with the aid of a pen
• without the aid of mittens
• Degree
• with no mistakes.
• within six years.
• within 30 seconds of sun setting.

• Audience
• The student,
• The doctor,
• A frog
• Behavior
• will climb a tree
• will sing a song