Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

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Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction Reality
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lation/
Normal Breathing Health and Fitness
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- By Dr. Artour Rakhimov, Alternative Health
Educator and Author- Medically Reviewed
by Naziliya Rakhimova, MD
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What is vasodilation? Definition of vasodilation

• Vasodilation (definition) the increase in the
  internal diameter of blood vessels that is caused
  by the relaxation of smooth muscles within the
  wall of the vessels, thus causing an increase in
  blood flow. The opposite effect is
  vasoconstriction.
• During vasodilation, when blood vessels dilate,
  the blood flow is increased due to a decrease in
  vascular resistance. However, for practical
  purposes, the dilation of arteries and arterioles
  has the most significant therapeutic value since
  these blood vessels are the main contributors to
  systemic-vascular resistance and, therefore,
  dilation of arteries and arterioles leads to an
  immediate decrease in arterial blood pressure and
  heart rate.

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• Hence, chemical-arterial dilators are used to
  treat heart failure, systemic and pulmonary
  hypertension, and angina. Dilation of
  venous-blood vessels decreases venous-blood
  pressure. Such agents can be used to reduce
  cardiac output, venous-and-arterial pressure,
  tissue edema (due to better capillary-fluid
  filtration), and myocardial oxygen demands. Let
  us consider practical or real-life aspects of
  vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Official
  medical sources ignore these major aspects.

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Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and CO2 most
potent vasodilator

• Among arterial dilators, the natural vasodilation
  agent CO2 is probably the most powerful chemical.
  The vasodilation effect is present in healthy
  people due to normal arterial CO2 concentration.
  According to Dr. M. Kashiba, MD and his medical
  colleagues from the Department of Biochemistry
  and Integrative Medical Biology, School of
  Medicine, Keio University in Tokyo, CO2 is a
  potent vasodilator (Kashiba et al, 2002), while
  Dr. H. G. Djurberg and his team from the
  Department of Anesthesia, Armed Forces Hospital,
  in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia wrote that Carbon
  dioxide, a most potent cerebral vasodilator
  (Djurberg et al., 1998).
• Nitric oxide is another very potent vasodilator,
  which is generated within the human body from
  foods. More about Most Potent Natural
  Vasodilators CO2 and NO.

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Who is going to suffer from vasoconstriction?

• Since CO2 is the most potent vasodilator,
  vasoconstriction should be a problem for those
  people who suffer from arterial hypocapnia. This
  relates to people with hyperventilation (or
  breathing more than the medical norms) and a
  normal or nearly normal ventilation-perfusion
  ratio (e.g., no problems with lungs). Indeed,
  people with, for example, COPD, may
  hyperventilate, but their blood CO2 is generally
  higher than normal. Here are some studies that
  explain blood flow and vasodilation/vasoconstricti
  on in healthy and sick people.

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Minute ventilation rates (chronic diseases)
Condition Minuteventilation Number ofpeople All references orClick below for abstracts
Normal breathing 6 L/min Medical textbooks
Healthy Subjects 6-7 L/min gt400 Results of 14 studies
Heart disease 15 (-4) L/min 22 Dimopoulou et al., 2001
Heart disease 16 (-2) L/min 11 Johnson et al., 2000
Heart disease 12 (-3) L/min 132 Fanfulla et al., 1998
Heart disease 15 (-4) L/min 55 Clark et al., 1997
Heart disease 13 (-4) L/min 15 Banning et al., 1995
Heart disease 15 (-4) L/min 88 Clark et al., 1995
Heart disease 14 (-2) L/min 30 Buller et al., 1990
Heart disease 16 (-6) L/min 20 Elborn et al., 1990
Pulm hypertension 12 (-2) L/min 11 DAlonzo et al., 1987
Cancer 12 (-2) L/min 40 Travers et al., 2008
Diabetes 12-17 L/min 26 Bottini et al., 2003
Diabetes 15 (-2) L/min 45 Tantucci et al., 2001
Diabetes 12 (-2) L/min 8 Mancini et al., 1999
Diabetes 10-20 L/min 28 Tantucci et al., 1997
Diabetes 13 (-2) L/min 20 Tantucci et al., 1996
Asthma 13 (-2) L/min 16 Chalupa et al., 2004
Asthma 15 L/min 8 Johnson et al., 1995
Asthma 14 (-6) L/min 39 Bowler et al., 1998
Asthma 13 (-4) L/min 17 Kassabian et al., 1982
Asthma 12 L/min 101 McFadden, Lyons, 1968
Sleep apnea 15 (-3) L/min 20 Radwan et al., 2001
Liver cirrhosis 11-18 L/min 24 Epstein et al., 1998
Hyperthyroidism 15 (-1) L/min 42 Kahaly, 1998
Cystic fibrosis 15 L/min 15 Fauroux et al., 2006
Cystic fibrosis 10 L/min 11 Browning et al., 1990
Cystic fibrosis 10 L/min 10 Ward et al., 1999
CF and diabetes 10 L/min 7 Ward et al., 1999
Cystic fibrosis 16 L/min 7 Dodd et al., 2006
Cystic fibrosis 18 L/min 9 McKone et al., 2005
Cystic fibrosis 13 (-2) L/min 10 Bell et al, 1996
Cystic fibrosis 11-14 L/min 6 Tepper et al., 1983
Epilepsy 13 L/min 12 Esquivel et al., 1991
CHV 13 (-2) L/min 134 Han et al., 1997
Panic disorder 12 (-5) L/min 12 Pain et al., 1991
Bipolar disorder 11 (-2) L/min 16 MacKinnon et al., 2007
Dystrophia myotonica 16 (-4) L/min 12 Clague et al., 1994
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• Note that advanced stages of some conditions
  (e.g., asthma and CF) can lead to lung
  destruction,ventilation-perfusion mismatch and
  arterial hypercapnia, causing a further reduction
  in body oxygen levels.
• However, there are solid physiological reasons
  why the first creatures with lungs, that existed
  more than 2 million years ago, did not suffer
  from CO2 related vasodilation due to one
  environmental factor. The explanation to this
  curious fact is provided below as your bonus
  content. This factor also explains why
  hyperventilation was useful and effective in
  order to get more oxygen in the cells of the
  body.

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Studies related to CO2-induced vasodilation and
vasoconstriction

• Dr. K. P. Buteyko and his colleagues found that
  there were vasoconstrictive effects of hypocapnia
  (CO2 deficiency) on arteries and peripheral blood
  vessels (Buteyko et al., 1964a Buteyko et al.,
  1964b Buteyko et al., 1964c Buteyko et al.,
  1965 Buteyko et al., 1967), while additional CO2
  causes vasodilation, which is a normal state of
  arteries and arterioles.

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Vasodilation and vasoconstriction in simple terms

• What is the physiological mechanism of the
  reduced blood flow to vital organs? Arteries and
  arterioles have tiny smooth muscles that can
  constrict or dilate (causing vasodilation)
  depending on CO2 concentrations. When we breathe
  more, our arterial CO2 level becomes smaller
  blood vessels constrict and vital organs (like
  the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, stomach,
  spleen, colon, etc.) get less blood supply.
  Similarly, hypocapnia causes spasm of all other
  smooth muscles of the human body airways or
  bronchi and bronchioles, diaphragm, colon, bile
  ducts, etc.
• This effect explains why sick people have less
  blood going to their brains, heart, liver, and
  other vital organs. A normal breathing pattern
  provides people with normal perfusion and oxygen
  supply for all vital organs due to CO2
  vasodilation. However, since modern people
  breathe more than the medical norm
  (hyperventilate), they have to suffer from
  CO2-deficiency effects.

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• Are there any related systemic effects? The state
  of these blood vessels (arteries and arterioles)
  defines total resistance to the systemic blood
  flow in the human body. Thus, hypocapnia
  increases strain on the heart. Normal CO2
  parameters make resistance to blood flow in the
  cardiovascular system small. Hence, breathing
  directly participates in the regulation of the
  heart rate. The father of cardiorespiratory
  physiology, Yale University Professor Yandell
  Henderson (1873-1944), investigated this effect
  about a century ago.
• Among his numerous physiological studies, he
  performed experiments with anesthetized dogs on
  mechanical ventilation. The results are described
  in his publication Acapnia and shock. I.
  Carbon dioxide as a factor in the regulation of
  the heart rate. In this article, published in
  1908 in the American Journal of Physiology, he
  wrote, we were enabled to regulate the heart
  to any desired rate from 40 or fewer up to 200 or
  more beats per minute. The method was simple. It
  depended on the manipulation of the hand bellows
  with which artificial respiration was
  administered. As the pulmonary ventilation
  increased or diminished, the heart rate was
  correspondingly accelerated or retarded (p.127,
  Henderson, 1908).

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• Be observant. When you get a small bleeding cut
  or a wound, deliberately hyperventilate and see
  if that can help stop the bleeding. It should
  stop due to vasoconstriction. As an alternative,
  perform comfortable breath-holding and breathe
  less and accumulate CO2. What would happen with
  your bleeding? (It should increase due to
  vasodilation.) Now you know what to do after
  dental surgeries, brain traumas, and other
  accidents involving bleeding. It is natural for
  humans and other animals to breathe heavily in
  such conditions. Hence, hyperventilation can be
  life-saving in cases of severe bleeding.

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• As many health professionals found, blood flow to
  vital organs is directly proportional to blood
  CO2 concentrations. Consider this example of
  vasodilation vasoconstriction. According to the
  Handbook of Physiology (Santiago Edelman,
  1986), cerebral blood flow decreases by 2 for
  every mm Hg decrease in CO2 pressure. When people
  have 20 mmHg CO2 in their blood (half of the
  official norm), they have about 40 less blood
  supply to the brain in comparison with normal
  conditions. Only skeletal muscles can get more
  blood in conditions of hyperventilation.
• Note that there is another powerful chemical NO
  (nitric oxide) that is also able to produce
  vasodilation, while its lack causes
  vasoconstriction. Humans generate nitric oxide in
  sinuses and, hence, mouth breathing prevents us
  from inhaling nitric oxide (see web page Nasal
  Nitric Oxide Effects). Meanwhile, as some medical
  studies claim, CO2 is the most potent known
  vasodilator.

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YouTube Video about CO2 Vasodilation-Vasoconstri
ction effect

• The first part of this video clip explains how
  and why voluntary forceful hyperventilation leads
  to fainting when we start to breathe heavily,
  CO2 content in the arterial blood sharply falls
  within seconds and blood vessels (arteries and
  arterioles) constrict since CO2 is the crucial
  factor in vasodilation.
• https//youtu.be/nPrm4sBFt1Y

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Thank You
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