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INDIA AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
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• Unification of Princely States
• At the time of Indian independence there were
  around 565 princely states in India, All the
  states except3 Kashmir, Junagarh and
  Hyderabad joined the Indian Union voluntarily.

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• Kashmir was annexed to India through the
  Instrument of Accession and Junagarh through
  Referendum and Hyderabad by army operation
  called Operation polo
• Sardar vallabhai patel was the man who ably
  handled the unification of India

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• The Malayalee who helped patel in this process
  was V.P. Menon
• V.P. Menon was the Secretary to the Department
  of states which was formed for the unification
  of Princely states.
• Books written by V.P. Menon The Transfer of
  Power in India , The story of the Integration of
  the Indian states.

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• After integration of princely states two trouble
  spots were French settlement and Portuguse
  settlement
• After prolognged negotiation Pondicherry and
  other French possessions were handed over to
  India in 1954
• In 1961 Indian troops marched in Goa under
  Operation Vijay and Portuguese did surrender
  without any fight

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• Formation of Linguistic states
• In June 1948 Government appointed the Linguistic
  Provinces Commission under the Chairmanship of
  S.K. Dhar.
• Dhar Commission, recommended re organisation of
  states on the basis of administrative
  convenience rather than linguistic factor

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• In December 1948 Congress appointed a Linguistic
  Provinces Committee known as JVP Committee.
  Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi
  Sitaramayya as its members
• JVP Committee also did not favour language as
  the basis for re- organisation of States.

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• However, Government of India was forced to
  create the first state based on language known
  as Andhra State on-1" October 1953
• It was due to the death of Potty Sriramalu after
  his 56 days fast unto death.

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• The creation of Andhra State intensified the
  widespread demand for now states based on
  language throughout India. So the Government of
  India appointed a States Reorganisation
  Commission in 1953 under the chairmanship of
  Fazal Ali and Sardar K.M. Panicker and H.N.
  Khunsru as its members

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• On the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission,
  the State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956.
  Thus 14 states and 6 Union Territories came into
  force on the first day of November 1956.
• Language was the criterion for the re
  organisation of states.
• On 1 May 1960 Bombay state was divided into two
  states of Maharashtra and Gujarat

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• Gujarat is the 15th State of India (1960).
• On 11 August 1961 Dadra Nagar Haveli was merged
  with the Union of India and was established as a
  Union Territory.
• On 1 December 1963, Nagaland was created

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• Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were carvedout of
  Punjab on 1 November 1966.
• Chandigarh was established as a Union Territory
  on 1 November 1966.
• On 21 January 1972, the three states of
  Meghalaya. Manipur and Tripura were formed
• Sikkim merged with the Indian Union on 16May
  1975 as the 22 state.
• On 20th February 1987, Mizoram and Arunachal
  Pradesh became Indian States

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• Goa became the 25th State of India in 1987
  though it was liberated from Portuguese in 1961.
• In November 2000, the three states of
  Chattisgarh, Uttaranchal and Jharkhand were
  created.
• Telangana state came into being on 2nd June
  2014.
• The committee which recommended creation of
  Telangana - B.N. Srikrish Committee

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• By the Jammu Kashmir Reorganisation Act of
  2019, the number of States and Union Territories
  in India has been changed 28 and 9 respectively
• The new Union of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
  came into being on 31 October 2019.

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• Independent India and her neighbours
• In 1954 Indian prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
  and the Chinese Prime Minister,Cham en lai had
  signed the Panchasheel agreement

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• The five principles of Panchsheel
• Mutual respect for each other's territorial
  integrity and sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression.
• Mutual non-interference in each other's internal
  affairs
• Equality and mutual benefit.
• Peaceful coexistence.

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• In 1962, China attacked India in the North East
  and occupied a part of Indian Territory.
• The Indian Defence Minister who was made to
  rsign after Chinese attack V.K. Krishna Menon

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