LIPID PROFILE OVERVIEW

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Lipid profile

• PRESENTER
• FIRST NOEL
• LABORATORY DEPARTMENTNEBBI GENERAL HOSPITAL
  LABORARORY (NGHL)

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INTRODUCTION

• The major lipids present in the plasma are
  fattyacids, Triglycerides, cholesterol
  andphospholipids.
• Other lipid-soluble substances, present in much
  smaller amounts (e.g. steroid hormones ).
• Elevated plasma concentrations of
  lipids,particularly cholesterol, are related to
  thepathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

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Introduction cont

• Lipids refer to any group of organic compounds
  including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols,
  phosphatides, cerebrosides and triglycerides
• Generally insoluble in water and soluble in polar
  solvents
• Oily and together with carbohydrates and proteins
  constitute the principal structural materials of
  living cells
• Lipids are transported bound to proteins to form
  lipoproteins

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Importances of lipids

• Lipids are important components in our diets
  because they contain high quantities of energy in
  absence of carbohydrates reserves
• Important in absorption of fat soluble vitamins
  like A, D, E and K.
• Important component of nerve sheeths, sorround
  and protect the nerve fibers to help them
  transmit impulses
• Form protective structures of vital body organs
  like the eyes and kidneys, protecting them from
  shock
• etc

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Digestion and metabolism of
fats

• Behaviour of blood lipids after digestion is
  simmilar to behaviour of carbohydrates.
• Their concerntration in plasma increases after
  meals and and decreases as a result of storage in
  fat depots and oxididation to provide energy
• Absorption site Duodenum
• The enzyme pancreatic lipase acts on the ester
  bonds releasing the fatty acids
• In the triglycerides form, lipids can not be
  absorbed

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Lipids transport

• Lipids are carried in the bloodstream by
  complexes known as lipoproteins.
• This is because these lipids are not soluble in
  the plasma water.
• Thus they travel in micelle-like complexes
  composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and
  protein on the outside with cholesteryl esters,
  and triglycerides on the inside.
• The four main types of lipoproteins are
• Chylomicrons,
• VLDL,
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and
• HDL

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LIPID PROFILE

• HHHH

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Lipid profile

• A complete cholesterol test also called a lipid
  panel or lipid profile is a blood test that can
  measure the amount of cholesterol and
  triglycerides in ones blood.
• A cholesterol test can help determine ones risk
  of the buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) in
  your arteries that can lead to narrowed or
  blocked arteries throughout your body
  (atherosclerosis).
• A cholesterol test is an important tool. High
  cholesterol levels often are a significant risk
  factor for coronary artery disease.

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LIPID PROFILE

• Ugandan model

• An American model

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WHY LIPID PROFILE

• High cholesterol usually causes no signs or
  symptoms.
• A complete cholesterol test is done to determine
  whether your cholesterol is high and to estimate
  the risk of heart attacks and other forms of
  heart disease and diseases of the blood vessels.
• A complete cholesterol test includes the
  calculation of four types of fats in blood

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Types of fats in blood

• Total cholesterol. This is a sum of your blood's
  cholesterol content.
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This
  is called the "bad" cholesterol. Too much of it
  in your blood causes the buildup of fatty
  deposits (plaques) in your arteries
  (atherosclerosis), which reduces blood flow.
  These plaques sometimes rupture and can lead to a
  heart attack or stroke.
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This
  is called the "good" cholesterol because it helps
  carry away LDL cholesterol, thus keeping arteries
  open and your blood flowing more freely.
• Triglycerides. Triglycerides are a type of fat in
  the blood. When one eats, the body converts
  calories it doesn't need into triglycerides,
  which are stored in fat cells.
• High triglyceride levels are associated with
  several factors, including being overweight,
  eating too many sweets or drinking too much
  alcohol, smoking, being sedentary, or having
  diabetes with elevated blood sugar levels.

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Who should get a cholesterol test?

• According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood
  Institute (NHLBI), a person's first cholesterol
  screening should occur between the ages of 9 and
  11 and then be repeated every five years after
  that.
• The NHLBI recommends that cholesterol screenings
  occur every 1 to 2 years for men ages 45 to 65
  and for women ages 55 to 65. People over 65
  should receive cholesterol tests annually.
• More-frequent testing might be needed if the
  initial test results were abnormal or if one
  already have coronary artery disease, and taking
  cholesterol-lowering medications or you're at
  higher risk of coronary artery disease because
  you

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Cont.

• Have a family history of high cholesterol or
  heart attacks
• Are overweight
• Are physically inactive
• Have diabetes
• Eat an unhealthy diet
• Smoke cigarettes
• People undergoing treatment for high cholesterol
  require regular cholesterol testing to monitor
  the effectiveness of their treatments.

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Specimen collection and handling

• Specimen Serum in plain tube
• Storage/processing
• Allow the blood to stand for 45 min at room
  temperature to allow complete clotting and clot
  retraction. A shorter period may result in
  incomplete clotting and secondary clots may form
  later
• Samples should be kept frozen at -20C, in a
  non-self defrosting freezer until shipped to the
  laboratory. If a shipment must be delayed longer
  than 4 weeks, the specimens should be kept at
  -80 C.

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Reference ranges

• The optimal level (measured in milligrams per
  deciliter of blood mg/dL) for each of the four
  standard tests in a lipid panel are as follows
• Total cholesterol Below 200 mg/dL.
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Above
  60 mg/dL.
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Below
  100 mg/dL (For people who have diabetes Below 70
  mg/dL).
• Triglycerides Below 150 mg/dL.

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Take home quiz true or false

• 1. Lipids are carried in the bloodstream by
  complexes known as glycoproteins.
• FALSE
• 2. The four main types of lipoproteins are
  Chylomicrons, VLDL Very low density lipoprotein,
  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and HDL High
  density lipoprotein.
• TRUE
• 3. High cholesterol levels in the body usually
  causes signs or symptoms.
• FALSE
• 4. A complete cholesterol test includes the
  calculation of 8 types of fats in blood
• FALSE
• 5. People undergoing treatment for high
  cholesterol require regular cholesterol testing
  to monitor the effectiveness of their treatments.
• TRUE

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