The War on Two Fronts: Europe and The Pacific

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• The War on Two Fronts Europe and The Pacific
• Ch.17, Sec. 23

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The Allies Liberate Europe

• D-Day June 6, 1944- The invasion of Normandy
• Battle of the Bulge- Germany is pushed back

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The Battle of the Bulge
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V-E Day May 8, 1945 GERMANY SURRENDERS!
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America turns to the Pacific

• Japan
• seized islands
• Underestimated U.S. Navy
• Douglas MacArthur- commander

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Tokyo Bombed! Doolittle Dood it

• April, 1942
• Americanshappy Japaneseembarrassed

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Painting of the Tokyo Raid
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The Doolittle Raiders

• Of 16 planes that took off, none returned
• Of 80 men, 67 survived
• 6 were captured by the Japanese, all were
  tortured
• 3 were executed in a Japanese prison

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Jimmy Doolittle received the Medal of Honor from
Roosevelt
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Japan strikes back

• Japanese raids were conducted on any village that
  sheltered the downed pilots
• Tens of thousands of civilians were tortured,
  beaten or killed in retaliation

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Battle of the Coral Sea

• Japans plan isolate Australia
• May, 1942 All aircraft battle
• Results halted the advance on Australia

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Japanese Carrier Shoho
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U.S.S. Lexington
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Battle of Midway

• Japanese plan- capture Midway destroy American
  fleet
• Americans break Jap. code ruin the surprise
  attack (Navajo Code Talkers)

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U.S. Bombers destroyed 3 Japanese carriers
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Midway Island
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U.S.S. Yorktown hit by bombers
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Results of Midway

• Allies begin island hopping (map p.580)
• Japan hurt badly

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Checkpoint Questions

• 1.) What was the importance of the Battle of
  Midway?
• 2.) Who were the Navajo Code Talkers?
• 3.) What strategy did the United States adopt in
  fighting Japan?

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Allies on the Offensive

• Admiral Nimitz Commander of Am. Naval forces in
  Pacific

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Guadalcanal

• Japanese were starting to build an airbase on
  Guadalcanal
• This would make it easier for them to make
  bombing raids on Allied ships
• U.S. to Australia shipping would be hurt

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Guadalcanal Marines
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The Island of Death
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Results of Guadalcanal

• 23,000 Japanese dead
• Marines fought for 6 months under horrible
  conditions

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Victories followed in the Gilbert, Marshall and
Carolina Islands

• The U.S. fought and won these battles only after
  great hardships. Many Japanese fought to the
  death.

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Japanese Defense

• Battle of Leyte Gulf- kamikaze attacks
• Disaster for Japan
• Iwo Jima- Jap. defended heavily victory for
  Allies
• Okinawa- kamikazes, bitter battle, Allied victory

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Ships under fire, Leyte Gulf
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Marines raise the flag At Iwo Jima
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The US sent more Marines to Iwo Jima than to any
other battle, 110,000 Marines 880 Ships. The
convoy of 880 US Ships sailed from Hawaii to Iwo
in 40 days.
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Iwo Jima
Arthur Reynolds helping Bert Rutan. In 36 days of
fighting there were 25,851 US casualties (1 in 3
were killed or wounded). Of these, 6,825 American
boys were killed. Virtually all 22,000 Japanese
perished.
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"Angels in the Air" Ensign Gwendolyn Jensen, a
Navy flight nurse, caring for a seriously wounded
Marine on an Iwo Jima airstrip. The nurse's plane
landed under intense mortar fire. Jensen was one
of many nurses who braved enemy fire to evacuate
wounded Marines.
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U.S.S. Gambier Bay
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These battles put an end to Japans hopes for
victory in the Pacific
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Checkpoint Questions

• 4.) What was the purpose of kamikaze pilots?
• 5.) Why did the Allies believe Okinawa was a
  foretaste of the invasion of Japan?

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U.S. Dilemma

• Invade Japan and suffer hundreds of thousands of
  casualties?
• Insist on an unconditional surrender?
• Offer peace with honor, a negotiated peace
• Or

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Before a decision can be made

• President Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a
  cerebral hemorrhage
• April 12, 1945

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Harry S. Truman

• New President Vice President Harry S. Truman
• Negotiates postwar plans at Potsdam
• Informed of Manhattan Project

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THE ATOMIC BOMB
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Trumans Decision

• Truman calls for Japans unconditional surrender
• They refuse
• bad idea

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A single bomb

• August 6, 1945
• A B-29 Bomber named the Enola Gay dropped a
  single bomb on a Japanese city called Hiroshima

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The "Enola Gay"
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Hiroshima, Japan August 6, 1945
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400 yards from a shopping center, no-one is left
alive
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August 9, Nagasaki
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The Injured
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Estimates of Casualties for Hiroshima and
Nagasaki Hiroshima
Nagasaki Pre-raid population 255,000
195,000 Dead
66,000
39,000 Injured
69,000
25,000 Total Casualties 135,000
64,000
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August 15, 1945

• Japanese Emperor Hirohito surrenders

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Rebuilding Begins

• United Nations formed
• Nuremburg Trials- 22 Nazi leaders tried
• 7-year U.S. occupation of Japan

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Midterm Review- War in the Pacific

• 1. Which statement is an argument for using the
  atomic bomb?
• It would reduce American military casualties
• Its development had been inexpensive
• The USSR had already developed the atomic bomb.
• It would be the first bombing attack on the
  mainland of Japan

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2. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in
the war in the Pacific because a. It was the
first time Japan had used aircraft carriers to
launch an attack. b. General MacArthur returned
as he had promised he would. c. Both sides
realized there was little hope for victory. d.
Heavy Japanese losses allowed the Allies to begin
retaking the Pacific Islands.
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3. Out of desperation, Japan began using
__________ to halt the Allied advances upon
Japan.a. Gas warfareb. Tank warfarec.
Kamikaze raidsd. Submarine warfare
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• 4. What was the immediate result of the invasion
  of Normandy (D-Day)?
• Allied losses prevented them from continuing
  their attacks for several months.
• Paris and all of France were liberated from
  Germany within a few months.
• Germany increased its air attacks against Great
  Britain.
• German losses were so severe that they retreated
  for the remainder of the war.

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5. The battle of Okinawa affected Allied plans
for the war by a. leading the Allies to abandon
their strategy of island hopping. b. forcing
the Allies to wait until the USSR could fight in
the Pacific. c. shifting the Allied strategy
from a ground war to an air war. d. making the
Allies consider the potential cost of an invasion
of Japan.
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6. Thousands of Navajos distinguished themselves
during World War IIA. as scouts because of
their excellent hunting and tracking skills.B.
in support roles as cooks because of their skills
in cooking outdoors.C. as aircraft gunners
because of their excellent marksmanship.D. by
using their language as a code the Japanese could
not break.
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• 7. Which statement best describes the
  consequences of dropping atomic bombs on
  Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the end of 1945?
• After the initial impact, there were no further
  casualties.
• It led to Japans unconditional surrender.
• There was an outbreak of skin disease but few
  further casualties.
• The only significant consequence reported was eye
  damage.

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• 8. The island victories of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
  were very important to the Allied forces before a
  land assault could be made upon ___________.
• a. Midway
• b. The Philippines
• c. Japan
• d. China

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9. World War II was fought primarily on two
fronts. They were __________. a. The Pacific
front and the North African front b. The European
front and the Russian front c. The Pacific front
and the European front d. The Pacific front and
the Japanese front
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10. Who was tried at the Nuremburg Trials?a.
Hideki Tojob. Benito Mussolinic. Japanese
kamikaze pilotsd. Nazi leaders