Soil Management Terms

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Soil Management Terms

• These terms are relevant to soil management.
  Define these terms.

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Soil the top layer of the Earths crust, which
is suitable for the growth of plant life.

• Leached certain elements have been washed out
  of the soil.
• Parent Material the horizon of unconsolidated
  material from which soil develops.
• Horizon - layer

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• Profile a cross sectional view of soil.
• Residual Soil parent material formed in place.
• Alluvial Deposit soils transported by streams.
• Colluvial Deposit soils deposited by gravity.

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• Permeable - permitting movement.
• Capability Class soil classification indicating
  the most intensive but safe land use.
• Capability Subclass soil group within a class
  designated by a small letter.

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• Capability Unit soil group within a subclass.
• Clay smallest of soil particles less than
  0.002mm.
• Silt intermediate soil particles 0.05-0.002
  mm.
• Sand largest soil particle 1 to 0.05mm.

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• Topsoil desirable proportion of plant
  nutrients, chemicals, and living organisms
  located near the surface that supports good plant
  growth.
• Subsoil a soil layer that corresponds to the
  b-horizon that is composed almost entirely of
  mineral with generally large chunky soil
  structure.

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• Bedrock the area below horizon C consisting of
  large soil particles
• Also the place Fred Flintstone lived.

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SOILS MANAGEMENT

• UNIT 9

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What factors affect soil formation?

• Climate/Location - Affects rate of weathering
• Temperature and rainfall
• Increase temperature Increase chemical
  reactions and Increase in growth of
  microorganisms and plants
• High rainfall leaching and slightly acidic soil
• Slope Location of field affect erosion and
  drainage, therefore influence soil formation

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What factors affect soil formation?

• Living organisms - Cause decay of organic
  material
• Microbes, plants, insects, animals and humans
• Some bacterial and fungi aid in soil formation by
  causing decay of plant and animal residues
• Insects, worms and animals mix up soil materials
• Human activity such as cultivation, bulldozing
  and construction projects disturb the surface
  layer
• Clearing of land removes native plant life and
  greatly modifies soil-forming activities

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What factors affect soil formation?

• Parent material - Influences fertility and
  texture
• Horizon on unconsolidated material from which
  soil develops
• Topography - Affects distribution of soil
  particles and water
• Movement of soil breaks up soil materials and
  adds them to lower levels
• Percolation water soaks in and moves through
  the soil
• Wet soil little or no air reduced
  microorganism action slower forming soil.

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What factors affect soil formation?

• Time - Influences rate of weathering
• Soils are formed by chemical physical
  weathering of parent material
• Weathering - Causes soils to develop, mature and
  age
• Mechanical forces caused by temperature changes
  such as cooling, heating, freezing and thawing.
• Permeable permits water movement

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TYPES OF SOILS

• Residual soils
• parent material formed in place.
• Alluvial deposits
• soils transported by streams.
• Lacustrine deposits
• soils deposited by lakes.

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TYPES OF SOILS

• Loess deposits
• soils deposited by wind.
• Colluvial deposits
• soils deposited by gravity.
• Glacial deposits
• soils deposited by ice.

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LAND CAPABILITY

• Capability classes soil classifications
  indicating the most intensive, but safe land use,
  designated by a Roman numeral.
• Capability subclasses soil groups within a
  class designated by a small letter.
• Capability unit soil group with a subclass.

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CAPABILITY CLASSES Suitable for Cultivation

• Class I Soils have few limitations that
  restrict their use.
• Requires good soil management practices only
• Class II Soils have moderate limitations that
  reduce the choice of plants or require moderate
  conservation practices.
• Moderate conservation practices necessary

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CAPABILITY CLASSES Suitable for Cultivation

• Class III - Soils have severe limitations that
  reduce the choice of plants, require special
  conservation practices, or both.
• Intensive conservation practices necessary
• Class IV Soils have very severe limitations
  that reduce the choice of plants, require very
  careful management, or both.
• Perennial vegetation, infrequent cultivation

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CAPABILITY CLASSES No Cultivation, Hay, and
Woodland

• Class V Soils are not likely to erode, but have
  other limitations, impractical to remove, that
  limit their use.
• No restrictions in use
• Class VI Soils have severe limitations that
  make them generally unsuitable for cultivation.
• Moderate restrictions in use

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CAPABILITY CLASSES No Cultivation, Hay, and
Woodland

• Class VII Soils have very severe limitations
  that make them unsuitable for cultivation.
• Severe restrictions in use
• Class VIII Soils and landforms have limitations
  that nearly prevent their use for commercial
  plants.
• Best suited for wildlife and recreation

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CAPABILITY SUBCLASSES

• e Erosion
• Main limitation is risk of erosion unless
  close-growing plant cover is maintained
• w Excess water
• Water in or on the soil interferes with plant
  growth or cultivation
• s Shallow, droughty or stony soil
• Limited because it is shallow, droughty or stony
• c Climate too cold or too dry
• Indicates chief limitation is climate
• Used only in some parts of the United States

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SOIL HORIZONS

• Horizon layer.
• O horizon the soil layer that is on the surface
  that is composed of organic matter and a small
  amount of mineral matter.
• A horizon soil located near the surface that is
  made up of desirable proportions of mineral and
  organic matter.
• B horizon soil below the A horizon or topsoil
  and generally referred to as subsoil.
• C horizon soil below the B horizon it is
  important for storing and releasing water to the
  upper layers of soil.
• Bedrock the area below C horizon consisting of
  large soil particles.

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• Subsoil a soil layer that corresponds to the B
  horizon that is almost entirely composed of
  mineral matter with generally large chunky soil
  structure.
• Topsoil desirable proportion of plant
  nutrients, chemicals, and living organisms
  located near the surface which support good plant
  growth.

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SOIL PARTICLES

• Mineral matter nonliving items such as rocks.
• Clay smallest of soil particles less than .002
  mm.
• Silt intermediate soil particles .05 to .002
  mm.
• Sand largest soil particles 1 to .05 mm.

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SOIL TEXURE STRUCTURE

• Coarse-textured (sandy) soil loose and
  single-grained soil.
• Medium-textured (loamy) soil a relatively even
  mixture of sand, silt, and clay.
• Fine-textured (clay) soil usually forms very
  hard lumps or clods when dry plastic when wet.
• Structure refers to the tendency of soil
  particles to cluster together and function as
  soil units.
• Aggregates soil units containing mostly clay,
  silt, and sand particles held together by a
  gel-type substance formed by organic matter.
• Crumbs aggregates.

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