Nationalism in Europe

1
(No Transcript)
2
(No Transcript)
3
Nationalism in Europe

• Chapter 10

Ms. Ramos
4
Building a German Nation
Ms. Ramos
5
Ms. Ramos
Source Prentice Hall Presentation Express
6
Steps Toward Unification
Germany was not a unified nation in 1848,
although the patchwork of independent states did
have a common language and culture.
Ms. Ramos
7

• Unkept Promises
• Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian
  king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised constitution,
  other reforms
• End of 1848, went back on promises constitution
  never written
• Banned publications, organizations that supported
  democracy

• Economic, Cultural Unity
• 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created removed
  tariffs on products traded between German states
• Inspired businesspeople to support unification
  encouraged growth of railroads connecting German
  states joined Germans economically
• German economy growing sense of German culture
  growing as well

Ms. Ramos
8
Bismarcks Plan for Germany

• Otto von Bismarck, conservative politician,
  leading force behind German unification
• Became prominent in Prussian politics
• 1847, gave strongly conservative speech at
  National Assembly
• 1862, new Prussian king, Wilhelm I, chose
  Bismarck as prime minister

Ms. Ramos
9
Ms. Ramos
10
Bismarcks First War
Ms. Ramos
11
Ms. Ramos
12
Unification and Empire
Bismarck could not increase Prussias power as
long as Austria was in the way. But with two
short wars, Bismarck moved Austria out of the way
and established a unified German Empire.
Ms. Ramos
13
France and Austria
Ms. Ramos
14
The Franco-Prussian War

• Unified Germany
• Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would
  take another war to create unified Germany
• Southern German states still not included in
  North German Confederation

• Nationalism in South
• 1870, conflict brewing with France over disputed
  Alsace, Lorraine territory
• Provinces had been part of Holy Roman Empire,
  which included Prussia
• Issue sparked nationalistic feelings in south
  German states

• Peace Treaty
• Southern states supported Prussia, north German
  states in war with France
• 1871, Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War
• Peace treaty declared unification of Germany

Ms. Ramos
15
Ms. Ramos
16
Creating the German Empire

• Peace treaty had far-reaching consequences
• Victory established unified German empire
• Representatives of allied German states met at
  Versailles, near Paris
• Proclaimed Wilhelm I first kaiseremperorof
  German Empire
• Wilhelm appointed Bismarck first chancellor
• German victory changed balance of power in Europe
  
• Napoleon III gone France no longer as powerful
• As Germany grew economically, new empire rose in
  power

Ms. Ramos
17
Sequence How did the Austro-Prussian and the
Franco-Prussian wars lead to German unification?
Answer(s) The Austro-Prussian War joined
together the north German states. After Prussia
won the Franco-Prussian War, the peace treaty
declared the unification of Germany.
Ms. Ramos
18
Steps Toward Unity

• Napoleons defeat changed pwr structure of
  German states
• Germans call for unification
• 1848 liberals demanded German political unity
• Offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the
  throne
• He declined, Bismarck becomes Chancellor

Ms. Ramos
19
Bismarck Unites Germany

• Bismarck united the German states under Prussian
  rule
• Built up Prussian army
• won provinces from Denmark north German states
  under Austria
• Prussia defeated Napoleon IIIs forces in
  Franco-Prussian War of 1870

Ms. Ramos
20
Ms. Ramos
21
Birth of German Empire

• William I of Prussia became Kaiser declared the
  birth of the Second Reich

Ms. Ramos
22
Ms. Ramos
23
Germany Strengthens
Ms. Ramos
24
The Empires Growth and Change
In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under
the leadership of Wilhelm I and Bismarck, Germany
developed into a strong empire. This period was
known as the Second Reich, or empire, because
Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to be
the First Reich.
This struggle between the government and the
church was known as Kulturkampf, which means the
struggle for culture.
Ms. Ramos
25
Economic Growth

• Railroads
• After unification, Germany experienced time of
  economic growth
• France had paid reparationsmoney for war damages
• German leaders used some money to build railroads
  to link German states

• Industrial Growth
• Other funds helped build German businesses
• New empire began to catch up with other
  industrialized countries of Europe
• Coal mines, steel factories flourished in
  Germanys major cities

• Path to Social Reforms
• Industrialization had critics in Germany
• German socialists protested against harsh factory
  conditions
• Called for state control of all industries

Ms. Ramos
26
Legislation

• Bismarck tried to destroy socialism
• Blamed socialists for two assassination attempts
  on emperor
• Sought to reduce appeal of socialism by enacting
  own reforms
• 1880s, pushed through legislation providing
  benefits for
• Health
• Accidents
• Old age
• Disability

Ms. Ramos
27
Bismarck and Wilhelm II

• After Unification
• Bismarck did not want to expand Germanys borders
• Believed France remained a threat, however

• Alliances
• Bismarck made alliances with Austria-Hungary,
  Italy, Russia
• Nations agreed to help protect one another from
  possible attack

• Bismarck Out
• 1888, Wilhelms grandson became kaiser
• Wilhelm II fired Bismarck as prime minister after
  disagreement

• Wilhelm II
• Early 1900s, continued to make alliances with
  other European nations
• Built up most powerful military force in Europe

Ms. Ramos
28
Ms. Ramos
29
Describe How did Germany change both economically
and politically in the years following
unification?
Answer(s) vote was given to all men over 25,
political parties developed, economic growth as
Germany caught up with other European industrial
economies, new alliances with other nations,
Kulturkampf limited influence of Catholic Church
Ms. Ramos
30
Germany Becomes Industrial Giant

• Natural resources educated workforce led to
  fast industrial dev
• Railroads reorg of banking system improve
  economy
• Scientists developed new products for industrial
  uses

Ms. Ramos
31
Ms. Ramos
32
The Iron Chancellor

• Tried to stifle opposition w/in Germany
• Wanted Catholics put state above the Church
• state control over Catholic education
• expelled the Jesuits from Prussia
• To keep socialists at bay, banned their
  newspapers mtgns
• Both groups rallied enough support to cause
  Bismarck change his ways

Ms. Ramos
33
Kaiser William II

• Bid for absolute power-asked Bismarck to resign
• His nationalism military buildup increased
  tensions that led to WWI

Ms. Ramos
34
The Proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser of the New
German Reich
Ms. Ramos
35
Unifying Italy
Ms. Ramos
36
Obstacles to Unity

• Congress of Vienna
• Austria given much northern Italy
• Hapsburgs French Bourbon controlled other
  Italian states
• Giuseppe Mazzini nationalists wanted unite
  peninsula people

Ms. Ramos
37

• After Congress of Vienna
• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of
  Vienna to maintain old Europe, old relationships
• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed
  beyond repair
• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe,
  fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna

• National Groups Ignored
• Congress had ignored national groups, placing
  them under control of large empires some empires
  included different ethnic groups
• Italians split into three groupsmuch of northern
  Italy under Austrian rule, other states under
  Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler
• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these
  conditions

Ms. Ramos
38
Mazzini and Young Italy
Ms. Ramos
39
The Path Toward Unity
As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led
unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men rose to
lead a successful movement to unify Italy.
Ms. Ramos
40
Sardinia and Italy

• Kingdom of Sardinia
• 1852, Cavour became prime minister of independent
  Kingdom of Sardinia
• Believed thriving economy important for Italy to
  be reborn

• Economy
• Cavour worked to build Sardinian economy
• Believed Italy should be reborn as monarchy

• Ally
• Cavour in position to cultivate powerful ally
• Supported France in war with Russia gave France
  provinces of Savoy, Nice

• Frances Support
• France agreed to support Sardinia in war against
  Austria
• 1860, northern Italian states liberated from
  control of Austrian Empire

Ms. Ramos
41
Identify Cause and Effect How did Cavour help
Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire?
Answer(s) He cultivated an alliance with the
French.
Ms. Ramos
42
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

• Sword of Italy
• Many Italians consider Cavour brain of Italian
  unification, Mazzini heart
• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called sword of
  Italy
• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833

• Exile
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee
  Italy twice
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while
  living in South America
• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free
  Italy from Austrian domination

• Return
• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good
• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in
  war against Austria
• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give
  up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

Ms. Ramos
43
Control and Elections
Ms. Ramos
44
Find the Main Idea What actions led Garibaldi to
be called the sword of Italian unification?
Answer(s) He used guerilla tactics to gain
control of the southern Italian states.
Ms. Ramos
45
Struggle for Italy

• Victor Emmanuel II, Sardinia, wanted enlarge
  kingdom
• His prime minister, Count Camillo Cavour, got
  Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war
  w/Austria
• Cavour provoked the war
• France help Sardinia defeat Austria annex
  province of Lombardy
• Other provinces soon joined Sardinia w/help
  Giuseppe Garibaldi, nationalist Kingdom of the
  Two Sicilies
• Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy

Ms. Ramos
46
Ms. Ramos
47
Ms. Ramos
48
Ms. Ramos
49
Reforms and Empire

• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north,
  government passed reforms including laws limiting
  work hours, prohibiting child labor
• Government encouraged building transportation,
  water systems to improve cities, encourage
  industry

Ms. Ramos
50
Challenges After Unification
In the years after unification, Italy faced many
new challenges. Although politically unified,
Italy had to deal with a number of social and
economic problems.
Ms. Ramos
51
Summarize What problems did Italy face after
unification?
Answer(s) Regional differences kept the nation
from being truly united pope did not recognize
Italy as a legitimate nation widespread poverty
caused many Italians to emigrate.
Ms. Ramos
52
Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Industrial north agricultural south difficult
  bring together
• Catholic Church asked members stand against govt.
  that did away w/ Papal States
• Leftist radicals fought govt. --- too conservative

Ms. Ramos
53
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Ms. Ramos
54
Ms. Ramos
55
Hapsburg Empire Declines

• Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist
  activity in their lands
• People too diverse to coexist under one govt.
• Hungarians especially determined to become
  independent

Ms. Ramos
56
Formation of Dual Monarchy

• Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out
  compromise w/ Austria
• Gave Hungary status as separate state w/own
  constitution
• Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and
  Hungary
• This made other subject peoples more determined
  to have their own states

Ms. Ramos
57
Ms. Ramos
58
Ms. Ramos
59
Ottoman Empire Collapses

• 1800s various peoples ruled by Ottomans revolt
• Other Euro countries seized opportunity- try to
  take Ottoman lands
• One of the most contentious Balkans
• event would help start WW I

Ms. Ramos
60
Ms. Ramos
61
Russia Reform Reaction
Ms. Ramos
62
Government and Society
Ms. Ramos
63
Serfdom

• Agricultural Society
• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not
  industrialized
• Much of population, serfsworkers considered part
  of land they worked

• Serfs
• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned
  land
• Technically not slaves living conditions, lack
  of freedom, resembled slavery
• Not allowed to leave property where born did not
  own land they worked

• Societal Problem
• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods,
  labor to lords
• Some in government wanted to improve conditions,
  unable to make reforms
• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in
  Russian society

Ms. Ramos
64
Reform and Repression
Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russias
conservative czars were resistant to reform,
which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
Ms. Ramos
65
Reforms of Alexander II

• Russia Lagging Behind
• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855,
  near end of Crimean War
• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of
  Europe
• Did not have modern technology, industry to build
  competitive military

• Reforms
• Alexander II began program of reforms
• 1861, freed Russias serfs, gave them right to
  own land as part of commune
• Believed terrible living conditions could bring
  rebellion

• Economy
• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would
  build market economy
• Government set up system for peasants to buy land
  they worked on from landowner, usually with
  government help

Ms. Ramos
66
Reform and Repression

• Alexander II made other reforms to modernize
  Russia
• Set up new judicial system
• Allowed some local self-government
• Reorganized army, navy
• Despite reforms, revolutionary movements
  continued to gain strength, call for more changes
• 1881, radical group, The Peoples Will,
  assassinated Czar Alexander II

Ms. Ramos
67
Unrest Under Alexander II

• Alexanders son, Alexander III, became next czar
• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to
  way things were in past, ended fathers reforms
• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after
  individuals, groups suspected of plotting against
  government

Ms. Ramos
68
Ms. Ramos
69
Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

• After losing Crimean War, Alexander II forced
  free serfs
• moved to cities, work in industry
• Tsar some forms local govt intro legal reforms
• Tsar moved back to repressionass. by terrorists
• His son- more harshness to the throne
• increasing the pwr secret police suppressing
  non-Russian cultures
• Many persecuted, esp. Jews

Ms. Ramos
70
Drive to Industrialize

• Rev ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from
  discontent workers as industrialization took hold
• Peasants moved to cities found dangerous jobs,
  low pay, and slums

Ms. Ramos
71
Conditions in Russia

• Lgst nation in Europe
• Social structure much pwr landowning nobles, did
  nothing to improve industry
• Most were serfs, served landowners
• Landowners actions governed by Tsar, ruled
  w/absolute pwr

Ms. Ramos
72
Ms. Ramos
73
Ms. Ramos
74
Source Prentice Hall Presentation Express
Ms. Ramos
75
War and Revolution

• Expansion East
• Russia expanded east
• Came into conflict with another imperial
  powerJapan
• At same time, revolution brewing

• War With Japan
• Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia
  as threat
• 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia
  in Russo-Japanese War

• Growing Unrest
• Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest
• One group calling for change, Marxistsfollowed
  communist theories of Karl Marx

• Marxist Ideas
• Wanted to create socialist republicno private
  property, state to own, distribute goods
• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to
  overthrow czar

Ms. Ramos
76

• The Revolution of 1905
• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon,
  brought petition to czar at Winter Palace,
  listing number of demands
• Troops fired at group hundreds died day known
  as Bloody Sunday

• Revolution Begins
• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to
  rise up against czar rebellions broke out,
  czars strict rules disobeyed
• Workers went on strike, students protested in
  streets
• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
• Massive strike in October 2 million workers
  protested in streets

Ms. Ramos
77
The October Manifesto
In response to the rebellions and strikes,
Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an
official promise for reform and a more democratic
government.
Ms. Ramos
78
Ms. Ramos
79
Cause and Effect What were some causes of the
Russian Revolution of 1905?
Answer(s) growing unrest, pogroms, crack down on
revolutionary movements, defeat in Russo-Japanese
War led to discontent, Bloody Sunday inspired
rebellions against czar
Ms. Ramos
80
Turning Point Crisis and Revolution

• Military disasters with Japan drove workers to
  strike protesters fill streets
• Tsars troops fired on protestors, revolution of
  1905 gained pwr
• Tsar Nicholas II summon a Duma to approve all
  laws
• Dissolved the Duma, leaders criticized his rule,
  appointed conservative Peter Stolypin as prime
  minister
• He was assassinated in 1911

Ms. Ramos
81
Ms. Ramos