Quoting,%20Paraphrasing,%20and%20Summarizing

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

• Ateneo de Manila High School
• English Department
• Mr. Galinato

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OBJECTIVES

• To define QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE, and SUMMARY
• To determine when to use QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE,
  or SUMMARY in writing a paper
• To determine when to apply the different
  conventions of using QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE, or
  SUMMARY

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QUOTING
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QUOTING

• When do you QUOTE?
• QUOTE when the original is particularly forceful
  or colorful in expression or when you think your
  readers may doubt your accuracy.
• A quotation is like a photographic copy of the
  original.

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QUOTING

• Quote not more than four typed lines of prose or
  one full line of poetry.
• In his essay Clutter, William Zinsser gives
  this advice to his readers Re-examine each
  sentence that you put on paper.
• Often, you will not need to quote a complete
  sentence. In such cases, fit the important part
  into your own sentence.
• In Clutter, William Zinsser advises us to
  re-examine each sentence in everything we write.

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QUOTING

• Do not use quotation marks for indirect
  quotations (one in which you give the writers
  thought but do not use precisely the same words
  in precisely the same sequence).
• In Clutter, William Zinsser advices us to
  re-examine every sentence we write.

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QUOTING

• If you are quoting a quotation, enclose it with a
  pair of single quotation marks to set it off
  within the quotation containing it.
• Even before John Dean gave us at this point in
  time, people had stopped saying now, Zinsser
  writes in Clutter.
• Occasionally, insert the name of the speaker or
  writer within the quotation.
• Even before John Dean gave us at this point in
  time, Zinsser writes in Clutter, people had
  stopped saying now.

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QUOTING

• Note A period or comma at the end of a quotation
  goes inside the closing mark, whether or not it
  is part of the original. Place any other
  punctuation inside the concluding quotation marks
  if it is part of the original and outside if it
  is an addition.
• Chris wrote, The bill was ten dollars! (Chris
  was exclaiming.)
• Chris wrote, The bill was ten dollars! (The
  person recording Chriss remark is exclaiming.)

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QUOTING

1. Set off long prose quotationsones with more than
   four typed linesby placing them as a block,
   conspicuously indented from the left margin do
   not use quotation marks around it. If it
   contains any quotations, set them off in double
   quotation marks.

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QUOTING

• In the third chapter of his book On Writing Well,
  William Zinsser discusses clutter, which he had
  earlier called the disease of American writing

Clutter is the laborious phrase which has pushed
out the short word that means the same thing
These locutions are a drag on energy and
momentum. Even before John Dean gave us at this
point in time, people had stopped saying now.
They were saying at present time, or
currently, or presently (which means soon).
Yet the idea can always be expressed by now to
mean the immediate moment (Now I can see him),
or by today to mean the historical present
(Today prices are high), or simply by the verb
to be (It is raining).
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QUOTING

1. A long quotation of poetryone with more than one
   full lineshould also be set off in a block, but
   you may, if you wish, run two or three lines of
   poetry into the text of your paper, (a) enclosing
   them in double quotation marks and (b) indicating
   the end of each line by a slash mark (/) with a
   space before and after it.

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QUOTING

• One of Shakespeares sonnets begins Let me not
  to the marriage of true minds / Admit
  impediments. Love is not love / Which alters
  when it alteration finds.
• Always reproduce the original exactly. Give not
  only the original words but also the punctuation
  and spelling.

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QUOTING

1. You may, however, omit part of what you are
   quoting if it is not relevant to your point,
   provided, of course, that the omission will not
   change the meaning of the original. Substitute
   three dots, called ellipsis points, for the
   omitted words. If the omission runs to the end
   of a sentence, add a fourth dot to indicate a
   period.

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QUOTING

• Zinsser writes that Clutter is the ponderous
  euphemism that turns a salesman into a marketing
  representative, a dumb kid into an
  underachiever.
• Enclose any personal additional explanations and
  comments to a quotation in a pair of brackets.
• Zinsser writes that before John Dean a special
  adviser to former President Nixon gave us at
  this point in time, people had stopped saying
  now.

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QUOTING

• If the original contains an error of any kindin
  spelling, word use, grammar, or factwrite sic
  enclosed in brackets immediately after it.
• A Connecticut newspaper recently gave this
  household hint Sprinkle on the shelves a
  mixture of half borax and half sugar. This will
  poison every aunt sic that finds it.
• Use quotations to add authority and color to your
  writing , but do not overload your paper with
  them, and do not use them to avoid finding ideas
  and words of your own.

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PARAPHRASING
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PARAPHRASING

• When do you PARAPHRASE?
• PARAPHRASE when the original may be difficult for
  your readers to understand because of the word
  choice, sentence structure, or content of the
  original.
• A paraphrase is a translation of the original
  into simpler language.

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PARAPHRASING

1. There are no formal conventions to follow when
   paraphrasing.
2. Remember that your purpose is only
   simplification, with the complete meaning,
   emphasis, and point of view of the original kept
   intact.
3. If the original is fairly short, quote it in full
   then paraphrase it so that your readers can see
   it for themselves.

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PARAPHRASING

1. On the other hand, if the original is long,
   incorporate a few quotations of key phrases and
   sentences in your paraphrase they will add
   authenticity.
2. Follow the original sentence by sentence.
3. If the original contains long, complicated
   sentences that your readers will find difficult
   to follow, break the sentences into shorter ones.

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PARAPHRASING

1. Be sure to remind your readers where the
   paraphrase begins and ends.
2. If you omit any words or phrases that are not
   relevant to your point, indicate the omission
   with dots or ellipsis points, just as in quoting.

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PARAPHRASING

• Original
• Now, we have said that simple cathexis is not
  love, that love transcends cathexis. This is
  true, but love requires cathexis for a beginning.
  We can only love that which in one way or
  another has importance for us. But with cathexis
  there is always the risk of loss or rejection.
  If you move out to another human being, there is
  always the risk that that person will move away
  from you, leaving you more painfully alone than
  you were before. Love anything that livesa
  person, a pet, a plantand it will die. Trust
  anybody and you may be hurt depend on anyone and
  that one may let you down. The price of cathexis
  is pain.

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PARAPHRASING

• Paraphrase
• Simple nurturance or cathexis is not love since
  love is more than that. As much as this holds
  true, nurturance is still needed for love to even
  begin because we can only love something or
  someone that we consider important to us.
  However, cathexis brings with it the risk of
  losing and being rejected. If you try to reach
  out to another person, the risk that that person
  will avoid you will always be there. This in
  turn can leave you more alone in the end. If you
  love something that is alive (i.e. plants,
  animals, and people), remember that they will
  eventually die. Trusting someone can leave you
  hurt depending on another may leave you
  disappointed. Pain is the price you pay if you
  choose to begin to love.

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SUMMARIZING
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SUMMARIZING

• When do you SUMMARIZE?
• SUMMARIZE when the original is long and your
  readers will need only the main thought, not the
  details.
• A summary is a condensed version of the original.

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SUMMARIZING

• The purpose of a summaryalso known as an
  abstract, digest, or précisis to condense the
  essential thoughts of a piece of writing into a
  short readable statement, not more than
  one-fourth of the length of the original and
  often much less than that.

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SUMMARIZING

• Read through the entire work to see it as a
  whole.
• Jot down notes on the main points to help you
  later.
• Determine the length of your summary by your
  needs.
• You may reduce a book to a tenth of its length,
  to a few paragraphs, or to a single sentence
  depending on how much detail you require.

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SUMMARIZING

• Apportion your space according to the material.
• The summary should be the essay in miniature, a
  condensation of the whole, not a selection of
  bits and pieces.
• Select the main points.
• Pick your way through rhetorical devices such as
  figures of speech, deliberate repetitions, and
  narrative examples, and concentrate on the
  essentials.

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SUMMARIZING

• Omit all extraneous comments.
• Do not include your own opinion of the material.
  The summary should be a condensation of the facts
  and opinions presented by the authornothing
  more.
• Paragraph according to your material, not the
  authors.

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SUMMARIZING

• Write your summary from the authors point of
  view.
• Try to keep the flavor or tone of the original.
  Avoid such expressions as the author says, and
  concentrate instead on what he or she says.
• Be faithful to the authors emphasis and
  interpretation.
• A good summary is not your own interpretation of
  the authors material.

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SUMMARIZING

• Avoid, in general, the authors phrasing and
  sentence structure.
• If you depend heavily on the authors phrasing
  and sentence structure, you will produce a copy,
  not a summary. Putting an idea into your own
  words is the best way to prove that you
  understand it.
• Do not, however, write a paraphrase.

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SUMMARIZING

• Note Putting an idea into your own words forces
  you to come to a much closer understanding than
  if you merely read it. Summary writing also
  gives excellent practice in composing clear,
  compact sentences and in choosing words
  accurately.

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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION

• QUOTE when the original is particularly forceful
  or colorful in expression or when you think your
  readers may doubt your accuracy.
• A quotation is like a photographic copy of the
  original.

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CONCLUSION

• PARAPHRASE when the original may be difficult for
  your readers to understand because of the word
  choice, sentence structure, or content of the
  original.
• A paraphrase is a translation of the original
  into simpler language.

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CONCLUSION

• SUMMARIZE when the original is long and your
  readers will need only the main thought, not the
  details.
• A summary is a condensed version of the original.

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SOURCES

• Dunbar, Clement et al. Assignments In Exposition.
  11th ed. New York HarperCollins College
  Publishers, 1994.
• Peck, M. Scott. The Road Less Travelled sic.
  London Arrow, 1990.