HOW PERCEPTIONS OF SUCCESS AND GOALS IMPACT MOTIVATION

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HOW PERCEPTIONS OF SUCCESS AND GOALS IMPACT
MOTIVATION

• Damon Burton
• University of Idaho

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What is success?ANDHow do we define it?
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IS SUCCESS SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE?

• What is objective success?
• How does it differ from subjective success?
• Give me an example of objective success.
• Provide an example of subjective success.

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OBJECTIVE VERSUS SUBJECTIVE SUCCESS

• Objective Success winning or placing high in a
  race.
• Subjective Success reaching a valued goal such
  as playing slightly beyond your current
  performance capabilities (CPC).

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• Which type of success is more feasible and
  controllable?

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MAEHR NICHOLLS (1980)

• Success and failure are not objective events BUT
  subjective perceptions of each individual.
• Perceived success and failure are defined based
  on whether performance exceeds goals.

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MAEHR NICHOLLS (1980)

• Goals define success and failure 2 ways
• what you are trying to accomplish or personal
  attributes you value
• degree to which performance meets or exceeds goal
  standards
• Primary Achievement Goals
• social approval
• ability
• task/intrinsic

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PRIMARY ACHIEVEMENT GOALS

• Social Approval others tell you that you did
  well
• Ability socially compare well and demonstrate
  competence
• Task/Intrinsic learning, mastery and
  self-comparison

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MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT GOALS
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Does success or failure mean the same thing
to EACH of us?
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CONCEPTS CLOSEST AND FARTHEST FROM SUCCESS
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CONCEPTS CLOSEST AND FARTHEST FROM FAILURE
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Do we define these terms the same way?
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If not, are there gender, racial, ethnic or
cultural differences in definitions of success
and failure?
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CONCEPTS CLOSEST AND FARTHEST FROM FAILURE
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SUCCESS IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF VALUES

• Values are learned attitudes.
• Values are influenced by . . .
• gender roles learned from significant others
• cultural values
• racial and ethnic-based norms and beliefs
• religious doctrine
• other groups that influence how we view the world
  and decide what is important

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How do we measure subjective perceptions of
success and failure?
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ANTECEDENT S OF SUCCESS
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ANTECEDENT S OF FAILURE
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CONSEQUENCES OF SUCCESS
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CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE
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CONSEQUENCES OF SPORT SUCCESS
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CONSEQUENCES OF SPORT FAILURE
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PERCEPTIONS OF SUCCESS

• Research confirms that success and failure are
  subjective terms that reflect gender, racial,
  ethnic and cultural based personality,
  attitudes, values and learning experiences.
• Definitions of success and failure will differ
  across and within groups based on how these
  factors determine personally valued goals.

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What role to goals play in definitions of success
and failure?
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ROLE OF GOALS IN MOTIVATION
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NICHOLLS (1984) MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION

• Built on Maehr Nicholls (1980) research on
  perceptions of success by combining social
  approval and ability goals into a single
  motivational orientation he termed
  ego-involvement.
• Similarly, he combined intrinsic and task
  goals into a motivational orientation he termed
  task-involvement.

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NICHOLLS (1984) MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS

• Ego-Involvement perceptions of ability are
  based on comparison with other competitors (e.g.,
  placing high and/or winning/losing).
• Task-Involvement perceptions of success are
  based on learning, improving or surpassing
  personal performance standards (e.g., setting a
  PR).
• TI performers assume enough ability to learn and
  improve.
• TI competitors may not consider they fail because
  they are challenged and take a problem-solving
  approach.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF EGO-INVOLVEMENT

• Ability is viewed as capacity
• The EI concept of ability is a complex evaluation
  that includes
• opponents ability
• outcome
• effort expenditure
• EI performers perceive they have high ability
  when they socially compare well and win often.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TASK-INVOLVEMENT

• Ability is viewed as mastery
• The EI concept of ability involves a simpler
  evaluation that includes
• performance
• effort expenditure
• EI performers perceive they have high ability
  when they socially compare well and win often.

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GOALS OF SUCCESS- AND FAILURE-ORIENTED ATHLETES

• Success-Oriented

• Failure-Oriented

• Outcome -- Consistent and/or positive social
  comparison (e.g., win)
• Recognition consistently get recognition,
  attention and rewards
• Social consistent positive social interactions
• Performance consistent improvement and high
  personal involvement

• Outcome inconsistent and/or negative social
  comparison (e.g., lose)
• Recognition consistently fail to get
  recognition, attention and rewards
• Social inconsistent or negative social
  interactions
• Performance inconsistent or minimal improvement
  and low personal involvement.

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ORIENTING RESPONSE
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HABITUATION EFFECTS

• Habituation occurs when one becomes accustomed
  to stimuli that remain unchanged and dont attend
  to them.
• Implications -- add common distractions to
  practice so athletes learn to habituate to them.

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DISTRACTIONS
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How can you better attend to the right cues in
sport?
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SELECTIVE ATTENTION GUIDELINES

• develop a mindset,
• videotape training,
• performance-related cue words,
• process-oriented goals,
• simulations,
• imagery, and
• redirect attention.

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1. DEVELOPING A MINDSET

• analyze your sport and identify the cues that are
  critical to top performance.
• devise strategies to learn how to focus on these
  cues, and
• minimize the number of cues and keep them as
  simple and straightforward as possible.

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2. VIDEOTAPE TRAINING

• help improve perceptual skills necessary to
  maximize anticipation,
• Batters learn to predict pitch locations and
  tennis players can anticipate whether passing
  shots will be cross-court or down-the-line.
• enhance knowledge of important cues, and
• stop video and ask specific questions about what
  is going to happen or what strategy to use.

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3. PERFORMANCE-RELATED CUE WORDS

• An archer might keep their attention on their
  shooting by using the key words, pull, anchor,
  hold, and release.
• Diver Greg Louganis used the key words, relax,
  see the platform, sport the water, spot the
  water, spot the water, kick out, and spot the
  water again!
• Larry Bird use the cue words nothing but net
  when he shot free throws.

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4. PROCESS-ORIENTED GOALS

• Focus on the present,
• Dont focus on the past,
• Focus on specific process cues,
• Dont focus on outcome.