ARCH 509

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ARCH 509

• DIFFERENT ANALSIS TECHNIQUE IN DESIGN

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STRUCTURAL GLASS
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Title    
STRUCTURAL GLASS    ABSTRACT    In this report,
i attempted to draw together into one document
various methods that may be used to preserve
the effect of the structural glass in
architecture.History of the structural glass
have been given. Advantages of the structural
glass has also been presented.A graphic
illustration has been developed to indicate
how various perspective methods may be
combined to achive the results desired by
government officials,private officials, and
various organizations. The usage areas of the
structural glass also been presented.The
variety of the structural glass and its its
benefits have been given. Abstraction ,
classification , typological analysis,determinatio
n of the vocabulary and determination of the
grammar of the structural glass has also been
presented.   The methods and procedures of
gathering information for this study werethe
evaluations of special reports , to read some
referance books and to find information from
the structural glass producers.   From the
study of the various methods to preserve
structural glass, conclusions were drawn and
recommendation were made.   For the purposes of
this study, to evaluate the structural glass
and to find the sort of structural glass and to
develop or give possibilites a new types of
structural glass according to the new
developments.   It was concluded that the
different structural glass type used
according to the needed and structural glass
have different using technique which was
effect all the construction, structure and
aesthetics of the building.
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STRUCTURAL GLASS

• The GLASS FIN (Mullion) is the original backup
  structure first introduced by Pilkington over 30
  years ago. Today, it is still the most widely
  specified support member in structural glass
  design. These Fin supported systems exploit the
  full potential of glass as a structural material
  while providing support for the Planar facades
  and allowing maximum transparency.

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL GLASSplanar glass
finstension structuresroofs skylitesglass on
steelplanar glass canopies
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PLANAR GLASS FINS

• The glass fin system uses glass as a means of
  support for maximum transparency and to transfer
  wind loading to the structure. Various MOMENT and
  PIN type connections can be used to transfer
  loads to the structure in different ways.

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• SUSPENDED SYSTEMSMost glass fin supported
  structures are suspended from the structure
  above. Planar glass panels are fastened to the
  glass fins by the use of Planar fittings. In this
  arrangement, the total weight of the facade
  panels and fins is carried by the connection at
  the head. This allows for very high facades to be
  designed without large in-plane loads on the
  Planar panels.(American Stores HQ.Salt Lake
  City, UT)

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• While some systems can be floor loaded or
  stacked, we will ONLY floor load up to a height
  of 32 feet (10 meters). This is due to the
  possible buckling of the glass fins. In high
  seismic areas, glass is always suspended.Planar
  designs have been thoroughly tested for use in
  areas of high seismic activity. This has been
  authenticated by documented excellent performance
  in the Northridge, San Francisco Bay and Kobe
  earthquakes. Special fittings are supplied to
  accommodate the in plane racking of the glass
  plates. (Almeden Place, San Jose, CA)
•  

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TENSION STRUCTURES

• Various types of truss structures incorporating
  tension rods, cables, simple tubes or pipes can
  be designed in numerous configurations to support
  the Planar glazing facade. These structures can
  be internal or external to the glass plane.

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• PERFORMANCESafety and reliability are assured
  with all Planar T.S. designs, and the systems
  offer a comprehensive range of both environmental
  and structural performances.Performance
  requirements considered include seismic loads,
  live and dead loads, as well as wind loading up
  to storm/hurricane force.Planar Tension
  Structures can be specified in a very wide range
  of materials and finishes, ranging from painted
  mild steel through to the most specialized types
  of highly polished stainless steel.

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ROOFS AND SKYLITES

• The inherent design flexibility of Planar is
  ideally suited to roof applications. Framing that
  can become a maintenance problem or possibly
  cause future leaks is not required. Planar glass
  carries self weight, snow loads, resists seismic
  movements and wind pressures through the use of
  Planar fittings.Large spans are possible if
  underlying purlins are reinforced with cable
  tensioned rod rigging. Planar roofs require a
  minimum slope of 3 degrees to eliminate ponding
  on the glass.

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• Planar can be supported by tension trusses, glass
  purlins, space frames and many other types of
  structures. The structure can be above or below
  the glass.
• Various glass types can be incorporated into the
  roof for superior performance. All glass is
  laminated using CIP liquid resin laminate.

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GLASS ON STELL

• Various types of truss structures incorporating
  tension rods, cables, simple tubes or pipes can
  be designed in numerous configurations to support
  the Planar glazing facade. These structures can
  be internal or external to the glass plane.

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PLANAR GLASS CANOPIES

• Laminated Planar structural glass is ideally
  suited for horizontal applications. Glass panels
  are sealed together with CIP (Cast In Place) cold
  liquid acrylic resin in lieu of PVB, which allows
  the architect to have exposed edges. The glass
  panels can be silk screened before being
  laminated. Virtually any design can be
  accommodatedNewport (HospitalNewport, RI )

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• The inherent design flexibility of Planar makes
  it an excellent system for canopy and roof
  applications. Exterior framing, that can become a
  maintenance problem or possibly cause future
  leaks, is not required.The back-up structure is
  required to carry self weight, snow loads where
  applicable, and to resist negative wind pressures
  through the fixing locations.

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• Large spans are possible if underlying purlins
  are reinforced with cable tensioned rod-rigging.
  Planar canopies requirrfe a minimum slope of 3
  degrees to eliminate ponding on the glass.All
  back-up structures are available as a completely
  engineered sole source package for guaranteed
  performance of the complete canopy. (Doral
  Hotel, New York, NY)

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STRUCTURAL GLASS(vertical/horizontal)

• vertical and /or horizontal truss design. The
  tension rod truss system provides a minimal
  profile while allowing for unusual and exciting
  design possibilities. They also provide the
  dynamic flexibility required to absorb thermal
  expansion and seismic movement.

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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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A
D
E
C
B
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F
H
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G
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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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D
C
A
B
E
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G
F
H
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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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A
C
B
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D
E
F
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J
I
G
H
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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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A
C
B
D
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G
E
F
H
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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
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C
A
B
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D
F
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G
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H
J
I
K
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FITTING CLASSIFICATION
Star or Spider Type Castings Four point and two
point castings represent only some on the many
types of stainless steel connectors designed to
connect the glass fitting back to the back-up
structure. The Star/Spider connectors shown here
are 316 grade solid stainless steel lost wax
investment castings. Other forms and shapes are
available


(S1) (S2)
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Planetarium Casting The Planetarium Casting
represents one of the most sophisticated
stainless steel castings available. Designed to
accommodate large lateral movements by the use of
an adjustable arm, it maintains an extremely flat
profile. (PL)
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IBT-Segerstrom CastingThis unique stainless
steel casting is designed with sliding arms to
accommodate large racking displacement of the
glass under severe seismic events. This fitting
allows for movement of up to 1 in two directions
at each glass joint.
(IBT)
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Anti-buckling Fin Technology (ABFT)
Anti-buckling fin technology was developed to
allow designers to have longer fins, wider
modules, and work with higher wind
loads.Anti-buckling rods are 1/4 diameter
stainless steel tension rods bolted to the back
edges of the glass fins to provide lateral
support preventing the fin from buckling or
flipping out of plane during load.This
technology gives the architect the ability to
design glass facades with minimal additional
structural support over and above the glass fin
itself.
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902 Fitting The 902 fitting fixes directly to
the secondary structure by means of Planar spring
plate brackets. They can be fastened to a variety
of support structures such as glass fins, metal
mullions, space frames, cable tension assemblies
and rigging structures. The 902 can accommodate
any angle of slope from vertical to horizontal,
making it suitable for glass roofs and canopies.
(902)
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Integrated Fitting Design A fully tested and
patented method of fixing laminated glass panels
to a backup structure with no exterior bolts,
caps or washers.  All fixings are concealed
within the laminated glass. This fixing system
allows for a much wider variety of glass types
including art and textured glass to be used in a
structural glass application. The integral
fitting allows us to horizontally glaze an entire
roof or canopy with absolutely no visible
exterior fasteners.
(INT)
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905 and 905J Fittings The 905 is the most
popular fitting in the Planar range.
The 905J fastens to glass fins while the 905
fastens to other types of structures. The 905
eliminates the need for spring plates and allows
absorption of live loads and thermal expansion
through rotation around a steel pin connected to
the backup structure. The 905 is available in a
design to accommodate Zone 4 seismic
movement. (905)
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GLASS TYPES

• PERFORMANCE DATA
• CLASSIFICATION

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Single Planar Glazing - Specifications and
Performance Data (SPG)
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Flat Glass Thickness10 and12mm, 0.3mm15mm,
0.5mm19mm, 1.0mm
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Flat Glass Size - RectangleMaximum 2000 x
4200mm 1mmMinimum 360 x 900mm 1mmAspect
ratio 10 1 MaximumDiagonal Tolerances Up to
4m 3mm Maximum difference and Over 4m 4mm
Maximum difference Flat Shape Capability - Simple
ShapesAll tolerances will vary depending on
complexity of shape BowMaximum bow 0.1 (Float
glasses), 0.2 (Ceramic coated glasses) Roller
waveMaximum roller wave depth 0.05mmMaximum
edge dip 0.25mmRoller wave is usually parallel
to the short side and in coated glassesShould be
glazed horizontal where possible. Edge
conditionSmooth ground edges giving a flat
profile with small ground arris.Shells or chips
at edges will be ground out prior to
tougheningand do not constitute reason for
rejection.Corners may be dubbed. Some variation
in edgework may be discernible on exposed edges
where different machine and/or hand forming is a
requirement for manufacturer. Such variations
shall be kept to a minimum.
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Hole Drilling - RectanglesDiameter 19mm 1mm
(Countersunk)Position Normally 60mm from glass
edge at corners and sometimes along edge. Other
configurations subject to confirmation.
Tolerance 1mm from one datum point.Number 2
- 8 Toughening StressFully toughened to BS 6206
Class A and equivalent international standards.
Checked regularly during production by the
Differential Stress Refract meter DSR
method. Heat Soak TestingAll glass will be
supplied heat soaked which is a Pilkington
quality control destructive test. Glass
MarkingGlass will be marked with the Pilkington
toughening stamp and any other regulatory
requirements. The mark to be on each glass
usually near a corner. Visual QualityRoller wave
and natural bow in toughened glass have minimal
effect on vision in transmission but can be
observed in reflection, obviously more with
reflective glasses.This is kept to a minimum
with the very low roller wave and bow in
Pilkington ARMOURPLATE. Site inspection should
be from a minimum distance of 3m.  
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Curved Glass Size - RectanglesThickness10mm and
12mm, 0.3mm Developed width 360 to 2000mm 3mm
Length 400 to 3600mm 3mm Aspect ratio 2 1
Maximum for large sizes Minimum size 360 x 900
mm 3mm Minimum radius 1000mm Tolerances on
curves are difficult to define. In simple
termsStraight edge will be 3mm from
straightDeveloped width will be 3mm from
perfect curveNote "Developed width" means the
width of glass pane prior to bending. Curved
Shape CapabilityRectangle and simple rakes. All
tolerances will vary depending on complexity of
shape. Edge ConditionSmooth ground edges giving
a flat profile with small ground arris. Shells or
chips at edges will be ground out prior to
toughening and do not constitute reason for
rejection. Corners may be dubbed.Some variation
in edgework may be discernible on exposed edges
where different machine and/or hand forming is a
requirement for manufacture. Such variations
shall be kept to a minimum. Hole
DrillingDiameter 19mm 1mm (Countersunk)Curved
glass countersunk on convex side.Position
Normally 60mm from glass edge at corners and
sometimes along edge. Other configurations
subject to confirmation.Tolerance 2mm from one
datum point.Number 2 - 8
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Toughening StressThe glass will be toughened to
a similar standard as BS 6206 Class A but no
standard exists for curved toughened glass. Heat
Soak TestingAll glass will be supplied heat
soaked which is a Pilkington quality control
destructive test. Glass MarkingGlass will be
marked with the Pilkington toughening stamp and
any other regulatory requirements. The mark to
be on each glass usually near a corner. Visual
QualityA degree of distortion, both when looking
through and in reflection, is inevitable in
curved toughened glass, particularly when viewing
a moving object through the glass.All curved
glass should be site inspected from a minimum
distance of 3m and viewed at right angles to the
glass.It should also be noted that toughened
curved glass will split direct sunlight into a
striped shadow. General Notes - Curved Glazing1.
Curved PLANAR applications are the subject of
continuing development and enquiries are welcomed
for projects furthering current specifications
and usages.2. Special fittings have been
designed for curved glazing and particular torque
settings determined. The angle of spring plate or
905 bar must suit the curve radius.3. At time of
printing, the support structure must lie on the
concave side of the glass but can be internally
or externally located. The curve may be on any
plane.4. Curved glass of large radius may be
backed by insulation to form cladding panels.
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CompositionINSULIGHT PLANAR is manufactured from
two full toughened and heat soaked glasses and
reference should be made to the Single PLANAR
specification. Outer GlassOuter Glass to conform
to single PLANAR specification. Inner
GlassThickness 6mm, 0.2mm Insulight PLANAR
Sealed UnitAir Space 16mmDepth of silicone
seal 6mm, 3mmAluminum spacer 7mmSpacer
color Black or NaturalOverall thickness 1.5mm
tolerance Glass Size - RectanglesMaximum 2000 x
4000mm, -0 4.5mm Minimum 360 x 900mmAspect
Ration 10 1 MaximumDiagonal Tolerances Up to
4m, 3mm Maximum difference. Over 4m, 4mm Maximum
difference Shape CapabilityRectangles and simple
rakes. All tolerances will vary depending on
complexity of shape. Roller Wave - Both glasses
in same direction6mm maximum roller wave depth
0.10mmMaximum edge dip 0.25mmRoller wave is
usually parallel to the short side and in coated
glasses should be glazed horizontal where
possible. Edge ConditionSmooth ground edges
giving a flat profile with small ground arris.
Shells or chips at edges will be ground out
prior to toughening and do not constitute reason
for rejection.
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Corners may be dubbed. Some variation in
edgework may be dicernible on exposed edges where
different machine and/or hand forming is a
requirement for manufacture. Such variations
shall be kept to a minimum.Where the edge detail
of a structure is such that the double glazing
edge sealant is fully exposed, minor undulations
in the edge seal may be discernible particularly
near corners of the unit. Hole Drilling -
RectanglesDiameter 34mm 1mm (6mm
glass)Diameter 19mm 1mm Countersunk (10/12mm
glass)Position Normally 60mm from glass edge at
corners and sometimes along edge. Other
configurations subject to confirmation.Tolerance
2mm from one datum point.Number 2 -
8 Toughening StressFully toughened to BS 6206
Class A and equivalent international standards.
Checked regularly during production by the
Differential Stress Refractometer DSR
method. Heat Soak TestingAll glass will be
supplied heat soaked which is a Pilkington
quality control destructive test. Glass
MarkingGlass will be marked with the Pilkington
toughening stamp and any other regulatory
requirements. The mark to be on each glass
usually near a corner.Multiple planes will not
necessarily be marked in the same corner. Visual
QualityDistortion. INSULIGHT PLANAR is
manufactured from two toughened glasses which has
minimal effect on visual transmission through the
glass but some distortion can be seen in
reflection.The air in all air sealed units
expands and contracts in hot and cold weather
causing the glass to bow out and in respectively
and again reflections will reflect this
movement.Site inspection should be from a
minimum distance of 3m.
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NOTES 1. All 4 or 6mm glasses are Heat
Strengthen to ensure that the panel stays in
place even if both panes break.2. A special
acoustic laminate interlayer is used to give
excellent noise reduction performance.3. Special
UV laminate interlayer are also available to
provide exceptional UV protection.4. All
laminated glass edges are sealed to give good
weather resistance. Silicone perimeter seals must
be compatible with Pilkington laminated glass.5.
A wide range of glass combinations is possible
with laminated glasses..
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Insulite - Laminated Planar (LP) CompositionINS
ULIGHT LAMINATED PLANAR is manufactured from one
thick outer glass which in roof glazing is always
to the outside and one laminated inner glass
composed of two 4mm or two 6mm glasses and
reference should be made to both Single PLANAR
and Single Laminated PLANAR specification. Insulit
e Laminated PlanarAir Space 16mm 1mmDepth of
silicone seal 6mm 3mmAluminum spacer
7mmSpacer color Black or NaturalLaminated
Interlayer 2mmThere may be a step up on each
side to 3mmOverall thickness 2mm
tolerance Glass Size - RectanglesMaximum (4mm)
1300 x 2000mm -04.5mmMaximum (6mm) 2000 x
3500mm -04.5mmMinimum 360 x 900mm
-04.5mmAspect Ratio 21 Maximum for larger
sizes Shape CapabilityRectangles and simple
shapes. All tolerances will vary depending on
complexity of shape.
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Edge conditionSmooth ground edges giving a flat
profile with small ground arris. Shells or chips
at edges will be ground out prior to toughening
and do not constitute reason for rejection.
Corners may be dubbed. Some variation in
edgework may be discernible on exposed edges
where different machine and/or hand forming is a
requirement for manufacture. Such variations
shall be kept to a minimum. Where the detail of
a structure is such that the double glazing edge
sealant is fully exposed, minor undulations in
the edge seal may be discernible particularly
near corners of the unit. Hole Drilling -
RectanglesDiameter 34mm 1mm Laminated
(Inner)Diameter 19mm 1mm Outer
(Countersunk)Position Normally 60mm from glass
edge at corners and sometimes along edge. Other
configurations subject to confirmation.Tolerance
2mm from one datum point.Number 2 - 6 Method
of ProductionCast-in-place (Patent applied for)
or PVB Tempering
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10/12mm glass Toughened and Heat Soak
Tested4/6mm glass Heat Strengthened Glass
MarkingGlass will be marked with the Pilkington
stamp and any other regulatory requirements. The
mark to be on each glass usually near a
corner.Multiple planes will not necessarily be
marked in the same corner. Visual
QualityDistortionWhen laminating toughened or
heat strengthened glasses together slight visible
distortion in transmission due to small lens
effects will be noted with increase in viewing
angle. This phenomenon is not normally a problem
in roof glazing, but may be discernible in
vertical glazing. The air in all sealed units
expands and contracts in hot and cold weather
causing the glass to bow out and in respectively
and again reflections will reflect this movement.
The clear tape around the edge will, of course,
be totally within the edge detail of the sealed
unit.Site inspection should be from at least 3m
away.  
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DETERMINATION OF THE GRAMMAR
PLANAR GLASS FINS (PGF)??S1,S2,PL,IBT,ABFT
??SPG,FSP,SLP PLANAR TENSION STRUCTURES
(PTS)??S1,S2,PL,905,905J ??CSP,ILP PLANAR ROOF
AND SKYLITE (PRS)??S1,S2,905,905J
??CSP,IP,ILP PLANAR GLASS ON STEEL(PGS)??INT,905,9
05J,902,ABFT,IBT,PL,S1,S2 ??SPG,FSP,IP,SLP,ILP PLA
NAR GLASS CANOPIES(PGC)??S1,S2,IBT,905,905J??SPG,F
SP,CSP,IP,SLP,ILP  
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PFG PTS PRS PGS PGC
TYPE
S1 S2 PL IBT ABFT 902 INT 905 J
FITTING
PERFORMANCE
SPG FSP CSP IP SLP ILP
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CONCLUSION
Strustural glass is using different types of
buildings in different techniques. It is also
using for different functions. Shopping centers,
faculities,hotels,glass houses,museums,exhibition
centers, schools,galleries etc.All typological
analysis,abstraction and classification,vocabulary
and grammar used in this report. The structural
compesition follows a rigorous hierarchical
sequence. The projected elements are classified
below in decreasing order,from the whole to the
detail      
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• -the primary tubular structure frame
• -the cable truss
• -the glass suspension system
• -the glass and its support points
• No element is affected by the behaviour of the
  preceding one in this hierarchy. By contrast
  ,each element bears the load of those subordinate
  to it according to this hierarch, and must
  therefore be able to take the stresses created by
  them under varying external conditions.
•  Thus all the elements of the hierarchy serve the
  plane of glass and its supporting elementsthey
  are defined by the glazing unit that they
  support.
• The plane of glass, itself made perceptible by
  its refletion,is held by an array of identical
  support points.

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• The cable truss system reduces to a minimum the
  wind-bracing for the glasstherefore the viewer
  sees the plane of glass, not the busy grid of
  glass mullions used in conventional systems
• The tubular structure frame is an 8x8 m grid
  placed just inside the plane of glass. Made up of
  tubes 300 mm in diameter, this grid is braced by
  a thinner bracing truss. This bracing truss to
  consist mostly of tension member rods between 30
  and 55 mm in diameter. The relative thinness of
  the bracing trusses allows the tubular grid to
  retain a distinct expression.

Different structural glass type used
according to the needed and structural glass
have different using technique which was
effect all the construction, structure and
aesthetics of the building.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK ASSOC. PROF. DR. UGUR
DAGLI WHO GAVE ME THE BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE TO
MAKE THIS RESEARCH.
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By CEMIL ATAKARA