Migration

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Migration Spatial Interaction
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Migration

• Push factor
• Drive away people
• Pull factor
• Attract people
• Migration chains

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Migration of Peoples

• Prehistoric
• Europe to the Americas
• African diaspora
• Europe to Asia Oceania
• Europe to Africa
• Indian
• Overseas Chinese

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Migration Today

• 2002 175 million living outside country of
  birth
• Characteristics
• Many poor, uneducated, unskilled
• Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity
• Many also highly educated and skilled
• Refugees
• 1951 Geneva convention
• Asylum

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International Migration

• Increased apprehension in receiving countries
• Compassion fatigue
• Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises
• Emigration
• Importance of remittances
• Mexico 3rd largest source of foreign exchange

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International Migration

• Europe as a destination
• 16 million immigrants
• 7-10 percent of host country population
• Problems religion, education
• Contributions entrepreneurs
• Migration of Asians
• 4-5 million work abroad
• Remittances important
• Loss to home communities

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Migration to the US and Canada

• US
• Largest migration flow to US
• 10 US population foreign born
• Immigration quotas restrict immigration
• Implications
• Hispanics as proportion of US population
• Canada
• 18.4 percent population foreign born
• 94 percent live in metro areas

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New Controversies

• Additional costs for public services?
• Importing poverty?
• Local costs of immigration
• California
• Melting pot or cultural mosaic?

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Spatial Interaction and Culture
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Spatial Interaction

• Exchange
• Ideas
• Goods commodities
• People
• Technology
• Cost/Benefit
• There is a cost to obtain a certain benefit via
  spatial interaction

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Example Commodity Movements

• Uneven Distribution
• Need to Satisfy Demand
• Means to Meet Demand
• Existence of transport
• Cost of commodity versus cost of transport

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Principles of Spatial Interaction

• Complementarity
• One region has need/desire for a particular item
• Another region can provide the item
• The region complement each other
• Exchange can take place

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Principles of Spatial Interaction

• Transferability
• Mechanism for transfer
• Cost of item versus transportation cost
• Time factor (currency or spoilage)
• Intervening Opportunity
• Similar/same item that is closer or cheaper
• Faster Delivery

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Distance Effects

• Distance Decay
• Interaction decreases with distance
• Retarding effect on human interaction
• Friction of Distance
• Penalties of distance, cost, time

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Distance Decay Examples
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Gravity Concept

• Interaction between 2 cities (communities)
• Depends on the Population of cities and distance
  between
• Iik PiPj/Dik2
• Distance may be measured in cost or time

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Breaking Point

• Boundary between two cities, limit of drawing
  power
• BP Dik/(1 vPi/Pk)

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Interaction Potential

• Accounts for effect of a distribution of
  attractive sites that compete for interaction

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Information Acquisition and Transfer

• Limitations
• Infrastructure
• Cost
• Freedom of information transfer