The Cold War

1
TheCold War Decolonization
AKS 48 Chapters 33.1, 33.2, 33.5, 34.1 (1st
half), 34.3 (1st half), 34.4, 35.2 (2nd half),
35.4 (1st half), 35.5 (1st half)
2
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

3
The Iron Curtain
The iron curtain came to represent Europes
division into mostly democratic W. Europe
Communist E. Europe.
4
The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
5
Marshall Plan 1948

• European Recovery Program.
• Secretary of State, George Marshall
• The US should provide aid to all European
  nations that need it. This move is not against
  any country or doctrine, but against hunger,
  poverty, desperation, and chaos.
• 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
  extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
  rejected.

6
Truman Doctrine 1947

• Civil War in Greece.
• Turkey under pressure from the USSR for
  concessions in the Dardanelles.
• The U.S. should support countries that rejected
  communism.
• The U.S. gave Greece Turkey 400 million in aid.

7
Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)

• USSR held W. Berlin hostage
• Led to Berlin airlift (US British flew in food
  supplies)
• USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

8
Post-War Germany
9
The Arms Race

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

10
EVENTS THAT INCREASED THE TENSIONS
11
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

Led to formation of
12
Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

13
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We
will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
14
Sputnik I (1957)

• The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
  have the technological edge!
• - Led to rivalry between 2 superpowers in
  science and education

15
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
16
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
17
Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
18
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

• CIA had been training anti-Castro exiles
• Landed at Bay of Pigs, no air support, defeated
  easily
• US humiliated

19
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
July 1962 Khrushchev began building 42 missile
sites in Cuba
20
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
they blinked!
21
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Sites discovered in October by USA
• JFK announced naval blockade of Cuba to prevent
  installation of more missiles
• People feared nuclear war for 13 days!

22
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if US
promised not to invade Cuba
23
Revolution in China 1945-1949
24
Communists vs. Nationalists Who was Mao Zedong?
Leader of Communist forces later chairman of
Communist Party head of Peoples Republic of
China
25
Communists vs. Nationalists Who was Chang
Kai-shek?
Leader of Nationalist forces later head of
Republic of China
26
Communists vs. Nationalists Civil War

• Started before WWII
• Resumed after Japanese surrendered (1945)
• Ended in 1949

27
Communists vs. Nationalists Advantages for
Nationalists

• Large army
• Aid from USA

28
Communists vs. Nationalists Advantages for
Communists

• Army skilled in guerilla warfare
• Popular support

29
Communists vs. Nationalists US Reaction

• US helped Nationalists set up govt
• Enlarged American sphere of influence in Asia

30
Communists vs. Nationalists Soviet Reaction

• Soviets provided financial, military, technical
  aid to Communists
• Soviets signed a defensive alliance with them

31
Communists vs. Nationalists Result

• Nationalists lost forced to island of Taiwan

32
Mao Transforms Economy How?

• Gave land to peasants
• Formed collective farms
• Nationalized businesses

33
Maos Great Leap Forward What was it?

• Called for larger collective farms
• Major failure

34
Maos Great Leap Forward Why did it fail?

• Poor planning
• Inefficient industries
• Lack of work incentive
• Crop failures famine

35
Maos Cultural Revolution What was it?

• Students formed Red Guard
• Goal establish a society of peasants workers
  in which all were equal
• Many intellectuals forced to do hard labor to
  purify themselves, executed, or imprisoned

36
Maos Cultural Revolution Why did Mao launch it?

• To revive the Marxist revolution he had begun