Paradigms and Frameworks of Interaction

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Paradigms and Frameworks of Interaction

• Building better systems by repeating historys
  lessons

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Agenda

• Questions
• Talk about the movie
• History of interactive breakthroughs
• themes
• people
• Frameworks for HCI
• Intro to usability principles

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IDEO Shopping Cart you talk.

• Come up with a list of things that you found
  surprising about the design and the design process

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Our own design process

• How can we apply IDEO lessons to our own projects?

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History of interactive breakthroughs

• Other sources
• Rheingolds Tools for Thought
• on-line
• www.artmuseum.net/w2vr

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Networks and time-sharing

• J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA (Advanced Research
  Projects Agency)
• Take advantage of increased computing power
• Batch processing -gt interactive computing

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Video display units

• 50s Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
• 60s Sketchpad (Sutherland)
• allowed abstraction and visualization of data
• computer conforming to human needs, rather than
  vice versa

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Programming toolkits

• Engelbart at SRI
• Can computers teach humans?
• Allowed for bootstrapping
• People could build complex systems more quickly
  and easily

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Personal computing

• LOGO (Papert) enabled children to program using
  a simple language
• Smalltalk, Dynabook, vision of PCs (Kay)
• Computing more accessible to regular people

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Windows

• WIMP (Engelbart, Xerox PARCs Alto)
• Enabled a single user to engage in multiple tasks
• Computer as a dialogue partner

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Metaphors

• LOGOs turtle
• office desktop
• Keyboard
• Mapping new interactions to existing, familiar
  concepts

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Direct manipulation

• Shneiderman, Hutchins, Hollan, Norman
• Visibility of objects of interest
• Incremental action at the interface, rapid
  feedback
• Reversability of actions
• Syntactic correctness of actions
• Actions to manipulate visible actions directly

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Language vs. action (agents)

• User understands system or interface translates
  for user
• Tradeoff between requiring the system to
  understand the user, and user to understand the
  system
• Tradeoffs between language and direct manipulation

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Hypertext/WWW

• Memex (Bush) hypothetical system
• Xanadu, hypertext (Nelson)
• Allows non-linear interaction with data and
  information
• WWW (Berners-Lee), Mosaic(Andreesen)
• Computing as community

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Multi-modality

• vision and haptic, other channels, simultaneous
  channels
• Multiple input and output channels
• Flexibility and suitability to multiple purposes

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CSCW

• collaboration via computers, networks
• groupware, email
• Many users, shared system, but now the users are
  interacting with each other

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Ubiquitous computing

• Tabs, pads, boards (Weiser Xerox PARC)
• PDAs, mobile phones
• Many devices per user.

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Sensor-based and context-aware computing

• Commanding a system ? implicit interaction
• Data used to make inferences about a situation
• Controversial and still problematic

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Frameworks for HCI

• Folk HCI
• Humans as sensory processors
• Human factors, experimental psych
• Humans as interpreters/predictors
• Cognitive psych, AI
• Humans as actors in environment
• Activity theory, ethnography, ecol psych

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What makes a system usable

• Humans as sensory processors
• Fit with human limits
• Humans are interpreters/predictors
• Fit with knowledge and task
• Humans as actors
• Fit with task environment and social context

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HCI Methods

• Humans as sensory processors
• Quantitative evaluation
• Humans are interpreters/predictors
• Task analysis, Cognitive walkthrough
• Humans as actors
• Ethnographic field work, participatory design

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Two views of interaction

• Interaction with
• Software as a tool or machine
• Interface is usability-engineered membrane
• Human as processor interpreter models
• Interaction through
• Software as medium to interact with task objects
  or people
• Interface plays a role in social context
• Human as interpreter actor models

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Cognitive Frameworks

• Model-Human Processor (Card, Moran and Newell)
• Situated Action (Suchman)
• Activity Theory (Vygotsky, Nardi)
• Distributed Cognition (Hutchins)

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Intro to Usability Principles

• Formative Abstract rules that can be applied to
  design
• Summative Can explain why a design or paradigm
  is successful or not

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Learnability
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Flexibility
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Robustness
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Learnability

• predictability
• synthesizability
• familiarity
• generalizability
• consistency

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Flexibility

• dialog initiative
• multi-threading
• task migratability
• substitutivity
• customizability

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Robustness

• observability
• recoverability
• responsiveness
• task conformance

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Upcoming

• More on usability principles
• Feedback on Part 0
• Information on Part 1
• Homework 1 due May 21