RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN BRAZIL

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RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN BRAZIL JOSE
ROBERTO MOREIRA BRAZILIAN BIOMASS REFERENCE
CENTER CENBIO IEA TASK 39 MEETING UTRECHT, THE
NETHERLANDS MARCH 13-14
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• PAST PRESENT PARTICIPATION IN THE ENERGY MATRIX
• PRESENT POLICY
• POTENTIAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
• BARRIERS
• TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS
• CONCLUSIONS

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ETHANOL CONSUMPTION 1974-1999
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BRAZILIAN ETHANOL PRODUCTION 1990 - 1998
HYDRATED ALCOHOL
16.0
ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL
14.0
12.0
Mm3
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
-
90/91
91/92
92/93
93/94
94/95
95/96
96/97
97/98
98/99
Year
SOURCEANP, 2000
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GASOLINE AND NEAT ETHANOL CAR SALES - BRAZIL
1975-1999
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POLICIES
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ELECTRIC SECTOR LEGISLATION IN BRAZIL

• Cogenerators Qualifications - Resolution 21/2000
• 5 fuel economy (renewables)
• 15 economy (fossil)
• Transmission Tool - Resolution 282/1999 - At
  least 50 discount for SHs (since 2000 is 100!)
• Reference Values - maximum value utilities can
  transfer to consumers tariff (2001)
• Natural Gas R 57,20/MWh
• SH R 71,30/MWh
• Biomass R 80,80/MWh
• Wind R100,90/MWh
• Photovoltaic R 237,50
• CCC may be used for renewables Resolution
  245/99

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Special regulation for energy cogeneration and
small hydropower (MME- 10/30/2000)

• Cogeneration program always open for license
  operation request.
• Natural gas supply always available on request of
  potential investor.
• Simplified licensing procedure carried out by the
  National Electric Agency.
• For Small Hydropower units
• Priority financing by Nat. Developing Bank
• warranty for acquisition for electricity produced
  (up to 1.200 MW total), by Eletrobrás.

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POLICY EVOLUTION - ALCOHOL - BRAZIL
500
Price deregulation anhydrous ethanol
450
Tests 90 diesel 10 ethanol
400.
Prohibition MTBE use
Tests 97 diesel 3 ethanol
350
300
US/M3
250
Green Fleet Fed. Gov.
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200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Price deregulation hydrated ethanol
YEAR
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVES SCENARIOS
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ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SUGARCANE PLANTATION- AREA
EQUIVALENT TO SOYBEANS CROP - BRAZIL 2002/2020
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• FUTURE MARKET/TRANSPORT
• GASOLINE BLENDING WITH NEAT ETHANOL
• GASOLINE REFORMULATION WITH ETBE
• BIOETHANOL REFORMUL. FUELS DIESEL ENGINE
• BIOETHANOL FOR NEW GENERATION CARS
• (Hybrid, fuel cell, etc)
• FUTURE MARKET/COGENERATION
• BIOETHANOL AS CO2 TRADE-OFF FUEL
• BIOETHANOL FOR ABATEMENT OF NOX IN FOSSIL
• FUEL PLANTS (through reburning)
• BIOETHANOL IN STEAM-INJECTION GAS TURB.
• BIOETHANOL IN COMB.-CYCLE-POWER PLANTS
• BIOETHANOL IN DIESEL POWER PLANTS

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BARRIERS
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Barriers to achieving the potential of
technologies
Thermodynamic potential
Knowledge gap
Carbon efficiency
High costs
Technological potential
Values, attitudes, social barriers
Socio-economic potential
Market failures
Economic potential
Market potential
Time
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
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ECONOMIC ISSUES
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Sugar Prices in the Leading Sugar Trading
Nations Net Exporters Net Importers (U.S. cents
per pound of white sugar)
Retail Wholesale ------- Retail Wholesale Brazi
l -- 15 Russia 33 22 Australia 35 United
States 43 27 EU 60 -- Japan 73 48 Cuba 8 -- S
outh Korea -- 36 Thailand 13 12 Canada 30 16 Gu
atemala -- 22 Iran NA NA South
Africa -- 22 Malaysia 18 17 Colombia -- 27 Algeri
a -- -- Mauritius -- -- Indonesia -- -- Mexico
23 21 Egypt 21 18 Sources USDA attached
reports, F.O. Licht, PROMAR International
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August, 1999
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February, 2002
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February, 2002
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INTERNATIONAL RAW SUGAR PRICES - 1995-1960
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GASOLINE PRICES IN ROTERDAN
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NET CO2 (EQUIV.), EMISSIONS DUE TO SUGAR CANE
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION IN BRAZIL (1996)
(MEASURED AS CARBON)
SOURCE Macedo, Isaias de Carvalho, Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Bio-Ethanol Production /
Utilization in Brazil, Jan. 1997, CTC - Copersucar
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POTENTIAL C ABATEMENT FROM THE USE OF SUGARCANE
FOR FUEL AND ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION - BRAZIL - 13
MILLION HA
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TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS
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BIOMASS (1 DRY TONNE)
Pretreatment
Mechanical size reduction physical chemical
or biological pretreatment (dilute acid,
alkaline, organic solvent, etc.)
Lignin for energy production (steam electricity)
hemicellulose
cellulose
lignin
extractive
Hydrolysis (C5H8O4)n nH2O nC5H10O5
Hydrolysis (C6H10O5)nnH2OnC6H12O6
Concentrated Acid Dilute Acid Enzymatic (fungus
? chain of amino acids (cellulases))
5 C-sugars(pentoses)
6 C-sugars(hexoses)
Xylose fraction Fermentation 3C5H10O5
?5C2H5OH5CO2
Glugose fraction Fermentation C6H11O6 ? 2C2H5OH
2COs
Yeast (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Yeast (e.g. Candida shehatae)
LOW YIELD (50)
HIGH YIELD (95)
ETHANOL H2O
DESTILLATION
WATER
STEAM
ETHANOL (344 liters)
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CONCLUSIONS
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LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN - ECONOMIC FACTS -
1998 CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT - 4 OF
GNP ADDITIONAL RESERVES COMPENSATORY
CAPITAL REQUIRED US 21 BI EXPORTS DECLINED
BY 8 NET DIRECT FOREIGN INVEST ? NO CHANGE
FROM EARLIER YEAR TOTAL EXTERNAL DEBT US 700
BILLION, INCREASING BY 7 RATIO ACCRUED
INTEREST 15.2 IN 1998 EXPORT OF
GOODS AND SERVICES AGAINST 14.3 IN 1997 THE
FIRST TIME IT GROWS IN THE 90S RATIO
EXTERNAL DEBT 209 IN 1998
EXPORT OF GOODS AND SERVICES AGAINST 194 IN
1997
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EXTERNAL DEBT IMPACT OF ALCOHOL EXPORTATION
BRAZIL 1979/1992
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OBRIGADO !!