Arabic Islamic Empires Other Islamic Empires

1
Arabic Islamic EmpiresOther Islamic Empires

• Ummayads (Damascus)
• Abbasids (Baghdad)
• Malmuks (former slaves Cario)
• Seljuk Turks (Jerusulem)
• (Ghazni the Timurids) Sultanate at Dehli
• Ottomans (Istanbul)

2
World 6th 7th century
3
(No Transcript)
4
Muhammad

• Born in Mecca around 570 AD
• Shepard as a youth
• Became a merchant
• Married at 25 to a wealthy widow
• Troubled by idol worship
• At 40 went to a cave to meditate
• Visited by Gabriel
• Gabriel told him that he was the messenger of God
• He was to be the prophet
• Muhammad urged Arabs to give up false gods and
  follow the one true god --- ALLAH
• Wife dies and merchants ask he and followers to
  leave Mecca and they are invited to Medina where
  Muhammad begins to unite the tribes
• Rituals and teachings established such as the
  Quran and the call to pray

5
Expansion under the Umayyads

• After death of Muhammad Abu Bakr (632-34) elected
  Caliph (deputy or successor)
• Fought the Ridda wars where other Bedouin were
  fought off
• Continued Arab unification and fought with the
  Byzantine and Persian (Sasanid) Empires and began
  to take some of their territory
• Christians and Jews respected (Dhimmis)
• Extra taxes to not have to convert (Jizya)
• Uthman took over (644-654)
• Codified the Quran
• 651 went deep into Sassanian territory
• Assassinated 654
• Ali (son in law to Muhammad)
• Named Caliph but rejected by Ummayyad family
  (dynasty)
• Became Mecca vs. Medina clans and tribal tensions
• Those who recognize Ali and the blood line are
  Shiites
• Those who recognize the 4 Caliphs as legitimate
  are the Sunnis
• Surplus of military energy and religious zeal
  made you qualified to be a general and these
  generals expanded via the weakness of Byzantine
  and Persia
• Final split comes with the rule of Hasan who had
  retired and later expected to be named Caliph
• Late 7th century Islam spread to Asia
• 8th century Spread to India, N. Africa, Spain
• Threatened France, but Islamic armies were turned
  back by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours
  (also called Poitiers) in 732

6
End of Umayyad rule in Middle East

• Abu al-Abbas wanted to end the Umayyad family.
• Murdered all surviving members at a feast of
  reconciliation
• One escaped, the grandson of the last Umayyad
  caliph, and fled to Spain
• He established the Cordoba Caliphate.
• It lasted until 1492 CE

7
Islamic Empires

• Umayyad
• Huge empire
• Used local officials to govern
• Capital Damascus
• Abbasids
• Captured Damascus
• Killed Umayyads at a banquet
• Capital -- Baghdad

8
Arabic Islamic PC

• 570-632 - Life of Muhammad
• 622- Hijra
• 632 Muhammads hajj
• 661-750 Umayyad dynasty
• 750-1258 Abbasid dynasty (Abu-Abbas)
• 1050 Seljuk control
• 1058-1111 Life of al-Ghazali (philosopher)
• 998 1030 Mahmud of Ghazni (Sultan)
• 1226-1198 Life of Ibn Rushd

9

• Law and Government
• Sharia laws based
• on Quran
• Sharia laws that
• regulate government,
• family, and community

• Basic Duties
• Five Pillars
• Faith
• Daily prayer
• Charity
• Fasting during
• Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to
• Mecca (hajj)

• Arabic
• Language in which
• Quran must be read
• Language learned by
• converts to Islam
• Unifying force for
• Muslims from many
• regions

Religion
ISLAM
Way of Life

• Holy Book Quran
• Considered sacred
• word of God
• Final authority
• in all matters
• Complete guide
• for life

• Women
• Men and women
• spiritual equals
• Women's rights
• and role limited
• in worldly affairs

• Arts
• Ban against presenting
• symbols of God
• Elaborate decoration
• and architecture in
• mosques

10
Terms

• Muslim one who submits
• Ulema religious council
• Jizya tax on dhimmis (people of the book) and
  those who were not Islamic
• Zakat- Tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims
• Five Pillars of Faith - Shahadah , Salat, Zakat,
  Sawm,Hajj
• Hadeeth Hadith -Teachings of the Propher
• Fatwah - Scholars opinions
• Jihadexertion struggle
• Individually self purification 2277-78,
  295-6
• Socially charity sharing truthJihad 4915,
  2552
• In the battlefield defense liberation
  2190-193, 608-9
• Suras Chapters within the Qruan
• Hijrah - Flight to Medina
• Immams Imams - Shiite leaders or guides
• Dhimmis - Protected people or people of the book
  (Jews and Christians)
• Hajib - Covering
• Mullah - Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should
  have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions
  (hadith)
• Political Terms
• Sultan Leader of the empire but not a successor
  to Mohammad

Salat is the Muslim prayers, performed five times
each day by every good Muslim Salat
al-fajr dawn, before sunrise Salat
al-zuhr midday, after the noon hour Salat
al-asr the late part of the afternoon Salat
al-maghrib just after sunset Salat
alisha between sunset and midnight
11
Apex from which to spread the empire

• Harunu r-Rashid is the most famous of the Abbasid
  Caliphs.
• The Abbasid period, is recognized of being the
  one in Muslim history bringing the most elevated
  scientific works.
• The Muslim world continued the achievements of
  classical Europe (especially the 9th and 10th
  centuries), India and former science of the
  Middle East, during a period when Europe was
  unable contribute much to the cultural and
  scientific fields.
• The Abbasid era is often regarded as the golden
  age of Muslim civilization.

12
Quick Expansion center of control changes DBC
Damascus (Ummayad) Baghdad (Abbasid)- Cairo
(Malmuks)
13
At first blocked by Byzantine Sassanid
14
Defeat at Byzantium

• 717 Caliph Suleiman wanted to end the Christian
  empire once and for all.
• Attacked Constantinople with 80,000 troops and a
  strong naval force.
• Emperor Leo III beat off the attack. Besieging
  armies suffer through a cold winter
• 718 Must of the Muslim fleet destroyed by Greek
  Fire. Suleiman fled.
• Leo III retook Asia Minor. Byzantium will last
  500 years more.

15
Greek Fire - exact composition unknown
composition include such chemicals as liquid
petroleum, naphtha, burning pitch, sulphur,
resin, quicklime and bitumen, along with some
other "secret ingredient"
16
Medical advancements

• Rhazes or al Razi late 9th century
• Chief physician in the Bagdad hospital
• Described smallpox and used methods based on the
  Hippocratic Code and questioned Galen
• Ethics of medicine
• Reliance on clinical observation
• Medicine not dependent on the Greek language and
  demonstrated more to the body than the four
  humors of Galen

17
Umayyad Decline

• Series of weak self-indulgent rulers
• c. 750. The Merv Revolt
• 50,000 Persian warriors settled in E. Iran
• converted to Islam, fought in battles, but earned
  little booty
• resented corrupt rule from Baghdad
• When Umayyads sent troops to the area, revolt
  broke out!

18
The Abbasid Revolt

• Revolt spread through the eastern provinces
• Resented Arab rule the Mawali
• Marched under the Black Abbasid banner
• Abu al-Abbas, Muhammeds uncles g.g. grandson
• Alliance with Shiite factions
• 750 defeat the Umayyad caliph in the Battle of
  the River Zab

19
The end of the Umayyads

• Abu al-Abbas wanted to end the Umayyad family.
• Murdered all surviving members at a feast of
  reconciliation
• One escaped, the grandson of the last Umayyad
  caliph, and fled to Spain
• He established the Cordoba Caliphate. It lasted
  until 1492 CE

20
Abbasid Government

• Caliph ruled with large, complex bureaucracy
• Manned by Persians and Mawali
• Some aspects of universalism
• Diverse people united by Arabic language and
  Islam
• End of wars of expansion and conquest which meant
  less enslaved peoples

21
Society Under the Abbasids

• Long Distance Trade with Banking and Letters of
  Credit along the Silk Road trade
• Export of Mesopotamia agriculture, Nile
  Agriculture, sheep, date palm.
• East Asian crops spread westward, including rice,
  sugar cane.
• Becomes a slave state as many western and north
  Africans captured during conquests work in
  Southern Iraq salt mines or forces into the
  military.
• The military slaves are highly trained and later
  revolt and form a unit known as the Malmuks and
  create their own empire (Cario and foundations of
  what is today Egypt)
• The Malmuks are the peoples that defeat the
  Mongolians and stop their advance into North
  Africa in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut
• This overall system is later adopted by the
  Persians and Ottomans as they train enslaved
  peoples to serve in their military and as peace
  keepers throughout their empires (called the
  Ghulam System)
• Dhimmis are not enslaved

22
Industry

• Textile Making
• Rug Weaving
• High Art Armenia, Bokhara
• Chinese trade. Learned paper making
• Perfumes, medicines, cosmetics, art in ceramics,
  metals
• Imported Indian 0 developed algebra and
  trigonometry
• Glass works (wine bowl and glassworks of Arabic
  peoples)

23
Intellectual Life

• Translated Greek and Roman classical works
• Philosophy, science, astronomy, geography, math
• No interest in mythology, drama or poetry
• Preserved and made additional contributions
• Worked particularly with Aristotles work

24
Other Thinkers

• al-Biruni (973-1056)
• Geography, Travels in India
• al-Kindi (d.870)
• reconciled Islam with Neoplatonism
• al Farabi (d.950), Ibn Sina (Avicenna d. 1036),
  Ibn Rushd (Averroes d. 1198)
• All Islamic scholars of Aristotle

25
Map of the Abbasid Caliphate
26
Trends Towards Decentralization

• Eventually turned against their Shiite allies
  and other factions
• Large empire lent itself to regionalism
• Numerous violent harem conspiracies and civil
  wars followed by more stable rulers
• Utilized slave armies of Africans, Slavs and
  Berbers that eventually became a political force
  known as Mamluks

27
Weakened role in the region

• In 1055 the Turkish Seljuks conquered Baghdad,
  but this had little influence to the position of
  the Caliphs, who continued to play only his
  limited symbolical role.
• With the fall of the traditional Caliphate in
  1258, when the Mongols took over Baghdad, a new
  line of Abbasid Caliphs continued in Cairo.
• In Cairo they played the same type of role as in
  Baghdad, but now even the symbolical role was
  limited by geography
• This, the last branch of Abbasids, stayed in
  office until 1517.

28
Arabic Language writing

• calligraphy beautiful writing is different from
  illuminated writing
• Arabic script has been used much more extensively
  for decoration and as a means of artistic
  expression
• Language identifies and connects Arabs more
  than Latin connects the romanesque)

The basmalah ("In the name of God the Merciful
the Compassionate" - the opening words of the
Quran) is here done in an elaborate thuluth
script with the letters joined so that the entire
phrase is written without lifting the pen from
the paper.
29
Arabesque

• Quran does not prohibit the representation of
  humans or animals in drawings, or paintings, but
  as Islam expanded in its early years, it
  inherited some of the prejudices against visual
  art of this kind that had already taken root in
  the Middle East.
• early Muslims tended to oppose figural art (and
  in some cases all art) as distracting the
  community from the worship of God and hostile to
  the strictly unitarian religion preached by
  Muhammad
• all four of the schools of Islamic law banned the
  use of images and, declared that the painter of
  animate figures would be damned on the Day of
  Judgment.
• Wherever artistic ornamentation and decoration
  were required, Muslim artists, forbidden to
  depict, human or animal forms, for the most part
  were forced to resort either to what has since
  come to be known as "arabesque"
• These are designs based on strictly geometrical
  forms or patterns of leaves and flowers or, very
  often, to calligraphy.
• Arabic calligraphy came to be used not only in
  producing copies of the Quran (its first and for
  many centuries its most important use), but also
  for all kinds of other artistic purposes as well
• porcelain and metalware,
• carpets and other textiles
• Coins
• architectural ornament (primarily on mosques and
  tombs but also, especially in later years, on
  other buildings as well).

30
Succession Abu Bakr (632-34)

• 632 Muhammed died without warning
• Abu Bakr elected Caliph (deputy, successor).
  Friend and early convert.
• Ali, son in law to Muhammed was passed over Too
  young
• Bakr worked and led the movement.
• In the Ridda Wars he fought off Bedouin led by
  other Charismatic leaders.
• Battle of Siffen
• Battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyad
• led to negotiations that fragmented Alis party

31
Islam Spreads

• Bakr continued the Arab unification process
• Recognized the weakness of the Persian/Byzantine
  Empires
• They were at constant war with one another
• Began to take Byzantine territory
• Christians and Jews respected people of the book
• Social restrictions, extra taxes
• Some Christians saw Muslims as liberators

32
Uthman (644-54)

• From the old Umayyad family. Former Meccan
  enemies of Muhammed now converted!
• Codification of the Quran Variants destroyed
• 651 Expansion deep into Sassanian territory
  (Persia)
• 654 Uthman assassinated.

33
Division and Schism

• Alis supporters name him Caliph
• The Ummayyads rejected him
• Ali refuses to prosecutes the assassins Ummayads
  later declare an open vendetta against him
• Mecca vs Medina Clan tensions
• Syrian and Iraqi factions
• N/S Arabian tribal tensions

34
Hasan

• Retired for 19 years to enjoy the good life
• When Muawiya died, he went to Mecca with several
  followers expecting to be named Caliph.
• But the Umayyads appointed a new caliph, who
  surrounded Ali with an army.
• 679 Hasan led a great suicide charge. His head
  was sent to the capital.
• This would result in the Sunni-Shiite split

35
Major Sects and 1st Schism

• Sunnis
• 90 of Islam
• Recognize 4 caliphs as legitimate
• No Iman
• Shiites
• 10 of Muslims (mainly in Persia, Lebanon, Yemen,
  Afghanistan)
• recognize only Ali and blood relatives as
  successors
• Imans infallible, divinely guided, leaders of
  the faith
• Green turbans indicate a blood relative of the
  Prophet
• Cult of Martyrdom

36
Monks and Travelers and Political Authority

• Arabic Philosophers
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) built on the works of
  Aristotle and wrote over 500 works of philosophy
  and medical studies
• Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) also built on works of
  Aristotle
• Ibn-Khaldun 14th century historian and recorder
  as he traveled around the Islamic world
• Ibn Battuta early 14th century, a ghaddi or
  Islamic religious scholar who traveled and
  recorded his travels
• Mansu Masa (Mali)
• When Mansa Musa converted to Islam, he decided to
  make a pilgrimage to Makkah. As a king, however,
  he brought with him thousands of servants and
  soldiers, and a huge amount of gold. Everywhere
  he went, Mansa Musa lavished gold gifts on his
  hosts and made hundreds of purchases with gold.
  By putting so much gold into circulation in such
  a short time, he caused the value of gold to
  fall. Mansa Musas pilgrimage left people with an
  image of him as a great ruler of a powerful and
  prosperous kingdom. When he returned to Mali, he
  brought with him Islamic teachers and architects.
• Marco Polo late 14th century traveler from
  Southern Europe through the Middle East to East
  Asia (not Islamic)

37
Quran The Table

• Believers, be true to your obligations. It is
  lawful for you to eat the flesh of all beasts
  other than that which is hereby announced to you.
  Game is forbidden while you are on pilgrimage.
  Allah decrees what He will.
• Believers, do not violate the rites of Allah, or
  the sacred month, or the offerings or their
  ornaments, or those that repair to the Sacred
  House seeking Allahs grace and pleasure. Once
  your pilgrimage is ended, you shall be free to go
  hunting.
• Do not allow your hatred for those who would
  debar you from the Holy Mosque to lead you into
  sin. Help one another in what is good and pious,
  not in what is wicked and sinful. Have fear of
  Allah, for He is stern in retribution.
• You are forbidden the flesh of animals that die a
  natural death, blood, and pigs meat also any
  flesh dedicated to any other than Allah.
• You are forbidden the flesh of strangled animals
  and of those beaten or gored to death of those
  killed by a fall or mangled by beasts of prey
  (unless you make it clean)

38
Arabic Islamic Empires
39
Spread of Timurid (Tamerlane)Empires1300 - 1600