Independence Leaders

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Independence Leaders
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• The Creole class usually led the independence
  movements
• They ran the colonies deserved to officially
  rule them
• 1st attempt was in 1780 by Tupac Amaru in Peru-
  failed
• 1789 much of Europe was caught up in the French
  Revolution- opens the door for opportunity

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Toussaint LOuverture

• Self-educated ex-slave who led Haitian revolution
  against Fr
• 1791 burned sugarcane fields and killed slave
  owners
• 1800 foreign forces driven off of island of
  Hispaniola.
• Napoleon Bonaparte comes to pwr tries to regain
  Haiti
• 1802 sends army
• LOuverture captured sent to prison in Fr- dies
  1803
• Fr soldiers dying of yellow fever. 1804 Haiti
  wins independence.
• 1st independent nations in L.Am.

4
Simon Bolivar

• Creole from Venezuela
• Began to fight peninsulares in 1807 difficult
• Decided to attack Bogota, New Grenada
• Got support of llaneros
• 1819 defeated the forces in Bogota
• Created the Republic of Gran Colombia (Venezuela
  Colombia, Ecuador Peru today)
• Ecuador Peru were still held by Spanish forces
• Bolivar got help from Jose de San Martin

5
Jose de San Martin

• Creole from Argentina
• Fought for freedom for Argentina from 1812-1816
• Vowed to liberate Chile
• Worked w/ Chilean Bernardo OHiggins
• Surprised the Spanish (cut through Andes)
• Joined Bolivar to free Ecuador Peru
• Upper Peru became a separate state, Bolivia, in
  1825- named for Bolivar

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Father Miguel Hidalgo Father Jose Morales

• 1810 Father Hidalgo inspired rebellion
• 1st the creoles supported Hidalgo
• Then he announced liberal reforms alienated
  creoles
• Some creoles even helped peninsulares Spain
• Hidalgo was captured 1811 killed before firing
  squad
• Mestizo Father Moreles brought hope
• He was captured in 1815 killed
• Mexico left to guerillas

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• 1820 Spanish reformers write liberal consti for
  Mexico to appease creoles.
• Backfired creoles were afraid of new consti
• Agustin de Iturbide declares Mex ind in 1821
  made himself emperor
• Forced to step down- 1823 Mex becomes a republic
• Democratic reformers seize control in 1855.
  Benito Juarez becomes Minister of Justice
• Helped make laws to reduce pwr wealth of
  Catholic Church army
• Freedom to practice religion other than
  Catholicism
• Leads to civil war (War of Reforms) 1858-1861
• Reformers win Juarez was elected pres- 1st
  Native Amer pres of Mex
• El Indio died in office in 1872

8

• Panama became part of Gran Colombia
• El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
  Costa Rica formed United Provinces of Central
  America for 15 yrs
• Many countries were first ruled by caudillos
  (Mex- Gen Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ruled 6
  times btw 1832 1855)
• Some countries were ruled by oligarchies

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Brazil Portugal

• Napoleon invaded Port in 1807 King John IV
  court fled to Rio de Janeiro
• Creoles wanted self-rule
• 1821 King John returned to Port left Brazilian
  born son Pedro in charge
• Father told him if Brazil wants ind, proclaim it
  yourself make yourself king
• Did so in 1822
• Remained a monarchy til 1889