Sudan: Civil War, Independence

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SudanCivil War, Independence Darfur
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Interactive Map
Ethnicity
Religion
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MAPS as of 7/2011

• Republic of Sudan

• South Sudan

-1899-1956 Egypt and UK have joint authority on
Sudan (Egypt- North, UK- South) -Independence
1956 from UK -UK gave power to Islamic Khartoum
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1st Civil War

• 1956-1972
• Cause
• General Ibrahim Abboud tried to Islamize South
• Police force/ guerilla forces Anya-Nya (snake
  poison) resisted
• 1969 Jaafar al-Nimeiri military coup in North
• Cold War
• USSR-North, USA-South
• Peace
• 1972
• Addis Ababa Peace Agreement
• Power sharing between North and South
• BUT wealth and power in the NORTH

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2nd Civil War

• Years 1983-2002(3)
• Cause
• Nimeiri-
• Encouraged forced Islam-ization of South and
  allowed exiled Islamic leaders terrorists back
  in country.
• Issued the September Laws
• Sudan became an Islamic state (Arabic official
  language, Sharia Law)
• Oil discovered in South!
• Major Players
• SPLA
• Major Southern Army/ Resistance group
• Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army
• Led by John Garang of the Dinka Tribe
• Omar Al-Bashir
• Sudanese President from 1989-today
• Violent crackdown on South
• Lost Boys
• Refugees from the 2nd Sudanese Civil War (1980s)
• Peace Treaty
• North/South Peace Process- 2002

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Lost Boys of Sudan

• Since 1983, the Sudan People's Liberation Army
  (SPLA) and the Sudanese Government have been at
  war in southern Sudan. The conflict has already
  claimed more than 500,000 lives and displaced
  huge numbers of people. Among these were at least
  20,000 children, mostly boys, between 7 and 17
  years of age who were separated from their
  families. These 'lost boys' of the Sudan trekked
  enormous distances over a vast unforgiving
  wilderness, seeking refuge from the fighting.
  Hungry, frightened and weakened by sleeplessness
  and disease, they crossed from the Sudan into
  Ethiopia and back, with many dying along the way.
  The survivors are now in camps in Kenya, the
  Sudan and Uganda.
• Documentary
• 60 minutes

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2002/2003 Peace AgreementReferendum on
Independence

• South Sudan takes first steps to independence
• Historic election is marked by new fears of
  Khartoum-inspired violence. Daniel Howden reports
  from Bor
• Monday, 12 April 2010
• Bashir wins Sudan election. Now what?
• Sudan announced today that President Omar
  al-Bashir won the April 11-15 Sudan election n
  that Critics call a sham. Supporters say it gives
  the longtime military ruler new legitimacy.
• By Scott Baldauf, Staff writer / April 26, 2010
• Sudan's Bashir promises southern independence
  vote on time
• Khartoum. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir vowed
  a promised referendum on independence for the
  south will go ahead as planned in January next
  year after he was declared winner of a landmark
  national election, AFP reports."I assure (you)
  the referendum in south Sudan will take place on
  schedule," Bashir said in an address carried by
  state television.
• 26 April 2010 1841 FOCUS News Agency

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(No Transcript)
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Independence and beyond

• Important Facts
• January 9th, 2011 South Sudan begins voting on
  Independence video
• January 15th, 2011 Voting for independence
  closes article
• February Independence confirmed article
• Q A
• Article
• Independence July 9th, 2011
• Today
• Brink of war (CNN explains)
• The South Sudanese government and military,
  dominated by the Dinka ethnic group of President
  Salva Kiir, is fighting rebels allied with former
  Vice President Riek Machar of the Nuer ethnic
  group
• At stake for now is control of oil-rich regions
  responsible for more than 95 of the country's
  economy, and perhaps leadership of the country.

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Genocide
Darfur

• UN
• The government of Sudan and militias have acted
  together in committing widespread atrocities in
  Darfur that should be prosecuted by an
  international war crimes tribunal, but the
  violent acts do not amount to genocide, a U.N.
  commission has said. (CNN)
• US
• The United States was the first to label the
  killing genocide. In Sept. 2004, then-Secretary
  of State Colin Powell said, "This was a
  coordinated effort, not just random violence."

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Darfur

• The genocide in the Darfur region of
  western Sudan began in 2003, when the government
  of Sudan began sponsoring attacks against the
  people of Darfur. The genocide has claimed
  400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000
  people.
•          About the size of Texas, the Darfur
  region is home to racially mixed tribes of
  settled peasants, who identify as African, and
  nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The
  majority of people in both groups are Muslim.
•        In February 2003, frustrated by poverty
  and neglect from the government in Khartoum (the
  Sudanese capital), two Darfurian rebel groups
  launched an uprising against the Khartoum
  government. Claiming to be putting down the
  insurrection, the government responded with a
  scorched-earth campaign against the innocent
  civilians of Darfur, enlisting the janjaweed, a
  militia drawn from members of Arab tribes in the
  region, to perpetrate the attacks.
•        Since February 2003, the
  government-sponsored Janjaweed have used rape,
  displacement, organized starvation, threats
  against aid workers, and mass murder.
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Refugees in Menawashi, Darfur

• TIMELINE
• In March 2003, violence broke out  between the
  government and rebels from Darfur. Nearly 300
  thousand people were killed over a decade of
  fighting and famine.
• In 2009, the rebels signed a peace agreement with
  the government during talks in the Qatari capital
  but not everyone accepted the deal.
• April 2013, world leaders begin rebuilding
  process at a conference in Doha, Qatar

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The International Criminal Court is accepting
supporting evidence of children's drawings of the
alleged crimes committed in Darfur. This sketch
by Abdul Maggit depicts a typical scene of
destruction.
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Omar Al-BashirPresident of SudanCharged with
genocide by ICC

• On March 4, 2009 Sudanese President Omar al
  Bashir, became the first sitting president to be
  indicted by ICC for directing a campaign of mass
  killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in
  Darfur. The arrest warrant for Bashir follows
  arrest warrants issued by the ICC for former
  Sudanese Minister of State for the Interior Ahmad
  Harun and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb.
  The government of Sudan has not surrendered
  either suspect to the ICC.

• 2009
• We will NOT bow to colonialists!
• 2011
• Conflict in Darfur my responsibility

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Doha Accords

• Agreement between JEM (largest rebel group) and
  Khartoum Feb 2009.
• step in the right direction to ending the
  six-year conflict, but there is still a long way
  to go
• But Some experts have serious doubts about
  whether the accord can be turned into a
  significant peace settlement for Darfur
• "The proof will be in what happens next," says
  Sudan expert Alex De Waal.
• SLA Khartoum wants opposition fragmentation.
• These talks, he claims, are a government tactic
  to avoid the International Criminal Court
  indicting the country's president.
• With the signing of a ceasefire agreement between
  the Justice and Equality Movement and Sudan's
  president, the BBC's James Copnall considers if
  Darfur will find real peace.

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Doha 2013

• Rebuilding Darfur Should international
  donations be spent on building infrastructure or
  on facilitating peace keeping measures?
• CNN STORY
• Ten years after the start of the fighting in
  Darfur, world leaders say it is time to rebuild.
• Delegates from around the world have arrived in
  Doha, Qatar's capital, with the objective to
  raise billions of dollars to pay for
  infrastructure, food and clean water.
• The UK took a lead role on Sunday, pledging
  16.5m before the conference began but other
  countries still have a long way to go to reach
  their goal of more than 7bn.
• The UN says it needs more than 170m a year to
  provide humanitarian assistance to refugees
  displaced by the conflict - hundreds of thousands
  of Darfur refugees are still living in
  neighbouring Chad. And while many say they dream
  of going home, they are also afraid of what
  awaits them. 
• This conference will address a major question,
  that after 10 years of war and destruction, let
  us take Darfur to another step from relief, from
  emergency - let them take these people to
  development, to reconstruction and let them have
  a positive message for the people of Darfur,
  that the entire world is with you and that
  through peace and stability you can rebuild your
  country and you can make Darfur again powerful
  and prosperous.
• Atta al-Mannan Bakhait, the Organisation of
  Islamic Cooperaton

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How to Prevent the Next Darfur

• The world's worst man-made disaster highlights
  the potentially catstrophic effects of climate
  change on Africa (see TIME article)