ATOMS TO MINERALS

1
ATOMS TO MINERALS

• CHAPTER 5

2
MATTER AND ATOMS

• CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
• _________________________________
• MASS __________________________
• ________________________________
• VOLUME ________________________
• ________________________________

3
MATTER AND ATOMS

• WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? ___________
• _________________________________
• WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF? ________
• _________________________________
• EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS __________
• __________________________________

4
ATOMS

• DRAW A PICTURE OF AN ATOM AND LABEL THE NUCLEUS
  AND ELECTRON CLOUD, ALSO INDICATE WHERE THE
  PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS ARE

5
ELEMENTS

• DRAW A PICTURE OF THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN
• SILICON
• ALUMINUM

6
MOLECULES

• A MOLECULE IS ___________________
• __________________________________
• DRAW A PICTURE OF AN OXYGEN MOLECULE

7
ISOTOPES

• THE IDENTITY OF AN ATOM DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF
  PROTONS, NOT ON THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
• THE MASS OF AN ELEMENT IS THE SUM OF THE NUMBER
  OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
• THE ATOMIC MASS IS THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF ALL
  THE ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT

8
COMPOUNDS

• A COMPOUND IS __________________
• __________________________________
• ATOMS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY THREE TYPES OF BONDS
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________

9
ATOMIC BONDS

• A COVALENT BOND _______________
• _________________________________
• AN IONIC BOND __________________
• _________________________________
• A METALLIC BOND _______________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________

10
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

• WHAT IS A MINERAL? 5 CHARACTERISTICS
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.

11
COMMON ELEMENTS OF THE EARTHS CRUST
12
ELEMENTS OF THE EARTHS CRUST
13
MINERALS

• THERE ARE ABOUT 4,000 KNOWN MINERALS MOST ARE
  COMPOUNDS
• EXAMPLE OF MINERALS AND ELEMENTS
• QUARTZ ________________________
• GALENA __________ ______________

14
NATIVE MINERALS

• DEFINITION OF NATIVE MINERAL
• __________________________________
• EXAMPLE OF NATIVE MINERALS
• _________________
• _________________
• _________________

15
HOW DO MINERALS FORM?

• 1. OUT OF MOLTEN ROCK
• A. MAGMA RISES FROM DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH
• B. MAGMA BEGINS TO COOL ATOMS, MOLECULES AND
  IONS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER AND BOND TO FORM
  COMPOUNDS
• OVER TIME MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS MASS TOGETHER AS
  GRAINS OF MINERALS

16
HOW DO MINERALS FORM?

• 2. WATER THAT CONTAINS DISSOLVED IONS EVAPORATES
  FORMING MINERALS
• MUCH LIKE WATER EVAPORATING AND LEAVING MINERAL
  DEPOSITS (WHITE RESIDUE)

17
HOW DO MINERALS FORM?

• 3. EXISTING MINERALS ARE TRANSFORMED BY HEAT,
  PRESSURE AND/OR CHEMICAL ACTION
• PRESSURE CAUSES A BREAK DOWN OF THE CHEMICAL
  BONDS
• TEMPS CAUSE THE MINERALS TO CHANGE STRUCTURE
• ATOMS, IONS AND MOLECULES RECOMBINE TO FORM NEW
  MINERALS

18
STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

• CRYSTAL STRUCTURE _____________
• __________________________________
• THE ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS DETERMINES THE
  SHAPE OF ITS CRYSTAL

19
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

• SIX CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
• 1. ______________________________
• 2. ______________________________
• 3. ______________________________
• 4. ______________________________
• 5. ______________________________
• 6. ______________________________

20
SILICATE MINERALS

• SILICON AND OXYGEN ARE THE TWO MOST ABUNDANT
  ELEMENTS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
• THEY MAKE UP THE LARGEST GROUP OF MINERALS
• THESE MINERALS ARE COMPOSED OF SILICON AND OXYGEN
  WITH OTHER ELEMENTS DEPENDING ON THE MINERAL

21
SILICATES

• MORE THAN 90 OF THE MINERALS IN THE EARTHS
  CRUST ARE SILICATES
• THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF SILICATE MINERALS
  _______________
• (DRAW A PICTURE OF THAT BELOW, USE PAGE 100)

22
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

• 1. CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE
• 2. HARDNESS
• 3. DENSITY (DM/V)

23
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

• 4. LUSTER
• 5. STREAK
• 6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• 7. SPECIAL PROPERTIES

24
MAJOR GROUPS OF MINERALS

• 1. SILICATES
• QUARTZ
• FELDSPARS
• PYROXENES
• MICA
• AMPHIBOLES
• KAOLINITE
• OLIVINE
• 2. CARBONATES
• CALCITE
• DOLOMITE
• 3. OXIDES AND SULFIDES