Normative Principles: Idea, Verbal, Notational Planes

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Normative Principles Idea, Verbal, Notational
Planes

• Devika P. Madalli
• Documentation Research and Training Centre,
• Indian Statistical Institute,
• Bangalore, INDIA

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Cannons for Array

• ! Remember
• There are two basic structures in classificatory
  hierarchies
• Arrays (horizontal)
• Chains (vertical)

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Cannons for Array

• There are four cannons for arrays
• Canon of Exhaustiveness
• Canon of Exclusiveness
• Canon Helpful Sequence
• Canon Consistent Sequence

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Canon of Exhaustiveness

• The classes in an array of classes or the ranked
  isolates in an array of ranked isolates should be
  totally exhaustive of their respective common
  immediate universe

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Canon of Exhaustiveness

• Example
• Universe of Flowers
• When divide by colors
• We get red, blue, yellow good!
• What about mixed colors?
• So we have to introduce category mixed color
  though it is not name of a color

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Canon of Exhaustiveness

• Universe of Numbers
• Number (integers)
• Zero-Class One
  Class
• This array is not totally Exhaustive if it is
  for rational numbers

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Canon of Exhaustiveness

• Rational Number
• Zero Proper-Fraction One-Class
  Improper-Fraction
• Class Class Class

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Canon of Exhaustiveness

• Major implication
• Avoiding the need for others in arrays
• Others is usually used if some isolates do
  not belong in any other place so they can be
  dumped into it!

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• The classes in array of classes or the ranked
  isolates in an array of ranked isolates should be
  mutually exclusive

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• What it means
• No entity/concept from the common immediate
  universe can belong to more than one class of an
  array
• OR
• No two classes (can have entities within) that
  overlap

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• Means of securing exclusiveness
• Classes of an array should be derived by
  application of single characteristic

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• Consider Students
• By faculty of study
• Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry
• By level of performance
• Good students, poor students

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• Now there are good, physics students and poor
  physics students
• That means some physics students are also some
  good students
• We need to keep these two categories exclusive
  and combine if and when necessary

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Canon of Exclusiveness

• Some classification system clutter
  characteristics because their notation
  possibilities are limited
• Example
• In domain literature
• Classic Poetry Classic Drama
• Modern Poetry Modern Drama
• Whereas, it is logical to associate FORM, and
  then PERIOD in succession instead.

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Canon of Helpful Sequence

• The sequence of the classes in an array of
  classes and of ranked isolates in an array of
  ranked isolates should be helpful to the purpose
  of those for who it is intended

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Canon of Helpful Sequence

• Conflict of Purpose Helpfulness of sequence
  will vary with the users of the scheme for
  classification. However we trace most prevalent
  concept patterns in various domains

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Canon of Helpful Sequence

• There are eight (some of them sets) principles
  by which we can implement the canon of helpful
  sequence

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Helpful Sequence

• List of Principles
• Principle of Later-in-Time
• Principle of Later-in-Evolution
• Principle of Spatial Contiguity
• Principle of Quantitative Measure
• Principle of Increasing Complexity
• Principle of Canonical Sequence
• Principle of Literary Warrant
• Principle of Alphabetical Sequence

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Principle of Later-in-Time

• If the classes in an array of classes or the
  isolates in array of isolates have originated in
  different times, they should be arranged in a
  parallel progressive time sequence, unless any
  other over-whelming consideration rules it out.

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Later-in-time sequence

• Example
• Religion
• Vedic Religion/s
• Post Vedic Religion/s
• Jainism
• Bhuddhism
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam

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Principle of Later-in-Evolution

• If the class in an array of classes belong to
  different stages of evolution, they should be
  arranged parallel to the evolutionary sequence
  unless any other over-whelming consideration
  rules it out.

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Later-in-Evolution Sequence

• Example Domain - Medicine
• Embryo
• Child
• Adolescent
• Adult

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Later-in-Evolution Sequence

• Example Domain Botany
• Thallophyta
• Bryopahyta
• Pteridophyta
• Gymnospserm
• Monocotelydon
• Dicotyledon

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Principle of Spatial Contiguity

• If the subjects in an array of subjects occur
  contiguously in space as -- unidirectional, or
  radial or circular - they should be arranged in a
  parallel spatial sequence, unless any other
  over-whelming consideration rules it out.

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Principle of Spatial Contiguity

• This principle is a bundle pertaining to every
  kind of spatial arrangement viz
• Entities along a Vertical Line
• Principle of Bottom Upwards
• If the classes in an array of classes can be
  conveniently taken to be arranged along a
  vertical line, then they may be arranged
  bottom-upwards if it is helpful

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Entities along vertical line

• Example
• Consider the entities of Botany
• Root
• Stem
• Leaf
• Flower,
• fruit,
• seed

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Principle of Top-Downwards

• If the classes in an array of classes can be
  conveniently taken to be arranged along a
  vertical line, then they may be arranged
  Top-Downwards if it is helpful

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Principle of Top-Downwards

• Example Domain Medicine
• Head
• Neck
• Shoulder
• Toe

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Along Horizontal Line

• Principle of left-right
• Principle of right-left
• Examples
• 1. Terminal signs inside airports - A,B,C,D
• 2. Arrangement of segment of highways car
  lane, truck lane, cycle lane, walk
  way/pedestrians

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Entities along circular paths

• Principle of Clockwise and counter-clockwise
• Example
• Zodiac signs Aries, Taurus, Pisces

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Entities along Radial Line

• Centre to Periphery
• Example
• Internal Parts Human hand
• Bone, muscle, skin, hair

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Entities away from a position

• Entities of Solar system
• Mercury
• Venus
• Mars
• Pluto

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Principle of Quantitative measures

• Principle of Increasing quantities
• Principle of Decreasing quantities
• If the classes in the array of classes admit to
  quantitative distinction, then they should be
  arranged parallel to the sequence of increasing
  or decreasing quantities as the case may be,
  unless any other overwhelming consideration rules
  it out.

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• Example
• I Increasing order
• Centimeter, inch, metre
• Grams, KGs, tons
• II Decreasing order
• World library, national Library, regional
  library, local library

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Principle of Increasing Complexity

• If the classes in the array of classes show
  different degrees of complexity then they should
  be arranged parallel to the sequence of
  increasing complexity, unless any other over
  whelming consideration rules it out.

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Principle of Increasing Complexity

• Example Domain Linguistics
• Alphabet, Word, Phrase, Clause, Sentence

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Principle of Canonical Sequence

• If the classes in an array of classes are
  traditionally referred to in a specific sequence
  although there is no underlying principle
  evident, it is convenient to conform to this
  traditional sequence

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Principle of Canonical Sequence

• Example
• Domain - Mathematics
• Arithmetic, Algebra, Trignometry, Geometry
• Domain Physics
• Matter, Sound, Heat, Light

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Principle of Literary Warrant

• The classes in an array of classes maybe
  arranged in sequence of decreasing quantity of
  documents published or expected to be published

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Principle of Alphabetical Sequence

• When no other sequence of the classes in array
  of classes is more helpful, then the classes
  maybe arranged according to alphabetic
  arrangement by their names currently in
  international use.

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Canon of Consistent Sequence

• Whenever similar classes or ranked isolates
  occur in different arrays, their sequence should
  be parallel in all such arrays wherever
  insistence on such a parallelism does not run
  counter to other more important requirements.

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Canon of Consistent Sequence

• Implications
• Conformity to this Canon will be conductive to
  economy of time and of mental energy. It will
  minimize the load on the memory both for the
  classifier and for the user.

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Canon of Consistent Sequence

• There are 2 ways in which consistent Sequence can
  be secured
• - Automatic Conformity by using one and the same
  schedule to form an array in whatever subject it
  occurs
• - Maintenance of parallel sequence with the
  help of some principles for helpful sequence

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Canon of Consistent Sequence

• Example Colon Classification
• Common Isolates
• Time Isolates
• Space Isolates
• Language isolates

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Canon of Consistent Sequence

• In Geography
• England
• France
• Germany
• Italy

• In Literature
• English
• French
• German
• Italian

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Canons for Chain

• Canon of Decreasing Extension
• While moving down from its first link to its
  last, the extension of the classes or of the
  ranked isolates, as the case may be should
  decrease and the intension should increase at
  each step
• Examples Substances (in Chemistry)
• Inorganic Substances
• Elements
• Halogens
• Chlorine

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Canons for Chain

• ! Define Extension and Intension
• Extension refers to the scope or the range
  comprised in a class (do not confuse with number
  no entities at each level)
• Intension refers to the number of
  characteristics used in deriving it from the
  original universe

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Canons for Chain

• Canon of Modulation
• A chain of classes or of ranked isolates should
  comprise one class or one ranked isolate, as the
  case may be, of each and every order that lies
  between the orders of the first link and the last
  link of the chain.

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Canon of Modulation

• Example In DDC in Domain Religion
• All concepts belonging to Christianity have been
  listed from 220 280, but the higher link for
  all these isolates, Christianity is MISSING.
  Later it has been assigned given a number like
  220-280 - Christianity

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Canon for Filiatory Sequence

• If two characteristics are inseparable then we
  can form coalesced array
• ! Define Coalesced Array
• For practical purposes, Array formed by putting
  in succession in a single array the various
  arrays formed at any stage in the progressive
  classification.

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Canon for Filiatory Sequence

• Canon for Subordinate Classes
• Canon for Coordinate Classes

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Canon for Subordinate Classes

• In a coalesced array if A1, A2, A3 are sub
  classes of class A, they immediately follow class
  A without being separated from it or among
  themselves by any other class
• Example
• Teachers of Physics (A)
• Divide by rank
• Lecturers(A1), Associate Profs(A2), Profs(A3)
• Order in Coalesced Array A, A1, A2, A3

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Canon for Co-ordinate Classes

• In a coalesced array if Class A and B had
  originated in the one and same array and had been
  consecutive in it, they should not be separated
  from each other by any other class than the
  classes A1, A2, A3 having A as their common
  immediate universe

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Canon for Co-ordinate Classes

• Example
• Teachers
• Divide By Subjects Physics Teachers (A),
  Chemistry Teachers (B)
• Divide by Rank
• Lecturers(A1), Associate Profs(A2), Profs(A3)
• Order in Coalesced Array A, A1, A2, A3, B

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• Thank you
• Questions?