Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath

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Chapter 19World War I and Its Aftermath

• Section 2
• The Home Front

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Building Up the Military

• As the U.S. entered the war it was necessary to
  recruit more soldiers.
• Many progressives thought conscription, or forced
  military service, violated both democratic and
  republican principles.
• A new system of conscription, called selective
  service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans
  being drafted.

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African Americans in War

• African American soldiers faced discrimination
  and prejudice within the army, where they served
  in racially segregated units under the control of
  white officers.
• Many won praise from their commanders and won
  medals.

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Women in the Military

• WWI was the first war in which women officially
  served.
• Navy enlisted 11,000 women.
• The army, refusing to enlist women, hired them as
  temporary employees to fill clerical positions.
• Army nurses were the only women in the military
  to go overseas during the war.

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Organizing Industry

• President Wilson and Congress agreed that the
  govt should not control the economy.
• They wanted to establish a cooperative
  relationship between big business and govt to
  ensure efficient use of resources during the
  mobilization of the American economy for war.

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The War Industries Board

• 1917 the WIB was created to coordinate the
  production of war materials.
• 1918 the WIB was reorganized and Bernard
  Baruch, a wealthy Wall Street stockbroker, was
  appointed to run it.
• Controlled the flow of raw materials, ordered
  construction of new factories, and, with the
  presidents approval, set prices.

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Food and Fuel

• The Food Administration, under Herbert Hoover,
  was responsible for increasing food production
  while reducing consumption.
• Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to
  raise their own vegetables in order to leave more
  food for the troops.

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Food and Fuel

• The Fuel Administration encouraged people to
  conserve coal and oil.
• Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve
  industry.

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Paying for the War

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• By the end of the war the U.S. was spending about
  44 million a day leading to a total
  expenditure of about 32 billion.
• Taxes alone could not cover the expenditures.

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Paying for the War

• To raise money, the govt began selling Liberty
  Bonds and Victory Bonds.
• By buying bonds, Americans were loaning money
  that would be repaid with interest in a specified
  number of years.

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Mobilizing the Workforce

• To prevent strikes, the National War Labor Board
  (NWLB) was established in 1918.
• In exchange for wage increases, 8 hour workday,
  and the right to organize unions and bargain
  collectively, the labor leaders agreed not to
  disrupt war production with a strike.

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Women Support Industry

• The war increased the need for women in the
  workforce.
• They took factory and manufacturing jobs and
  positions in the shipping and RR industries.
• After the war, women returned to their previous
  jobs or left the workforce.

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The Great Migration Begins

• The war stopped the flow of immigrants to the
  U.S., which allowed African Americans wartime
  jobs.
• B/w 300,000 500,000 AA left the South to settle
  in the North.

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Mexican Americans Head North

• Many Mexicans moved north, providing labor for
  farmers and ranchers in the American SW.
• Mexicans also took wartime factory jobs.
• Faced discrimination and hostility from all
  Americans.

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Selling the War

• The Committee on Public Information (CPI), was a
  new govt agency that attempted to sell the
  idea of war to the American people.
• Pamphlets and speeches helped deliver patriotic
  messages.

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Civil Liberties Curtailed

• Espionage, or spying to acquire secret govt
  information, was addressed in the Espionage Act
  of 1917.
• It set up consequences for people who aided the
  enemy.
• The Sedition Act of 1918 went a step further by
  making it illegal to criticize the president or
  govt.

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Climate of Suspicion

• Suspicion of disloyalty led to the mistreatment
  of German-Americans.
• Feeling led to violence.
• Anyone appearing disloyal came under attack.

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Supreme Court Limits Free Speech

• Schenck v. the U.S. (1919), the Supreme Court
  ruled limiting an individuals freedom of speech
  if the words spoken constituted a clear and
  present danger.
• Example FIRE!

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End of Section 2

• Next Section 4
• The Wars Impact