Weather Forecasting and Review Next Class

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• Weather Forecasting and Review Next Class

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The ATMOSPHERE 3
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50 mi
30 mi
O3
Where we live
7 mi
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B. Adiabatic Processes - C. Cloud Formation and
Precipitation D. Wind 1. Controlling Factors
(direction and speed)
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B. Adiabatic Processes - C. Cloud Formation and
Precipitation D. Wind 1. Controlling Factors
(direction and speed) a. air pressure gradient
(direction and speed) flows from high
pressure to low pressure
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B. Adiabatic Processes - C. Cloud Formation and
Precipitation D. Wind 1. Controlling Factors
(direction and speed) a. air pressure gradient
- flows from high pressure to low
pressure isobaric contours
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Coriolis force and friction cause rotation
High
Low
Wind Direction
Number feathers implies speed
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B. Adiabatic Processes - C. Cloud Formation and
Precipitation D. Wind 1. Controlling Factors
(direction and speed) a. air pressure gradient
- flows from high pressure to low
pressure isobaric contours b. friction
- affects speed slows down winds
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B. Adiabatic Processes - C. Cloud Formation and
Precipitation D. Wind 1. Controlling Factors
(direction and speed) a. air pressure gradient
- flows from high pressure to low
pressure isobaric contours b. friction -
affects speed slows down winds c.
Coriolis effect affects direction
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) a. air pressure gradient - flows
from high pressure to low pressure isobaric
contours b. friction - affects speed
slows down winds c. Coriolis effect -
affects direction (fig. 19.18) right in N.
Hemisphere left in S. Hemisphere
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If the Earth were not rotating
Coriolis force
Target
However, the Earth rotates as the object travels
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Pressure gradient force
Coriolis force
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) a. air pressure gradient - flows
from high pressure to low pressure isobaric
contours b. friction - affects speed
slows down winds c. Coriolis effect -
affects direction (fig. 16.4) 2. Cyclones and
Anticyclones
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Highs are anticyclones
Lows are cyclones
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Divergence aloft Lows are cyclones
Highs are anticyclones Convergence aloft
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns a. Equatorial low
pressure (Hadley cell) heating at equator
from Sun causes warm moist air to
rise as it rises it cools adiabatically
and forms clouds and rain tropical
rainforests result
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Equatorial Low
Hadley cell
Doldrums
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns a. Equatorial low
pressure (Hadley cell) b. Sub tropical high
pressure (Hadley cell) air that rose at
equator gets pushed aside after it loses
moisture now dry and cool cool air
sinks warms adiabatically deserts
form where this hot dry air continually
blows down on surface
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Sub-Tropical High
Westerlies
Hadley cell
Trade winds
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns a. Equatorial low
pressure (Hadley cell) b. Sub tropical high
pressure (Hadley cell) c. Subpolar low d.
Polar high
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Sub-Polar Low
Polar High
Hadley cell
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation)
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) a. downflowing Hadley cell
(20-30 latitude)
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Hadley cell
Deserts
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) a. downflowing Hadley cell
(20-30 latitude) b. continental
interior you are simply a long way
from the ocean
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) a. downflowing Hadley cell
(20-30 latitude) b. continental interior c.
rainshadow
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Lifting dries out the air
Rain Shadow
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) a. downflowing Hadley cell
(20-30 latitude) b. continental interior c.
rainshadow d. polar deserts - air so cold it
holds very little moisture
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) a. downflowing Hadley cell
(20-30 latitude) b. continental interior c.
rainshadow d. polar deserts - air so cold it
hold very little moisture e. coastal
deserts - wind direction, upwelling of cold
water
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) 4. Local winds
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D.
Wind 1. Controlling Factors (direction and
speed) 2. Global Patterns 3. Types of deserts
(low precipitation) 4. Local winds a.
seas/land - coastal winds smaller version of
Hadley cell differential heating of land and
water
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Water does not cool or warm-up as quickly as
the land
Sea Breezes
Land Breezes
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4. Local winds a. seas/land - coastal
winds smaller version of Hadley
cell differential heating of land and
water b. mountain winds differential
heating in day and night mountain tops warm
and cool faster days - wind blows up
valleys nights - wind blows down valleys
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D. Wind E.
Weather Fronts and Storms
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Highs are anticyclones
Lows are cyclones
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The jet stream steers weather systems
Jet Stream
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Warm Front - gentle rain
Rain first ahead of the front
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Cold front Heavy Precipitation
Temperatures drop first Rain along the front
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Fig. 19-24, p.464
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F
G
F
G
A
E
Weather
E
A
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Types of airs masses are another important
factor in weather
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Before
After
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Squall Line
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Water Spout
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C. Cloud Formation and Precipitation D. Wind E.
Weather Fronts and Storms F. Climate
Climate encompasses the temperatures, humidity,
rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous
other meteorological factors in a given region
over long periods of time, as opposed to the term
weather, which refers to current activity.
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Evidence for Global Temperature Changes, Part 1
Borehole temperature
Glacier length
Tree-ring proxy
13.10.a
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Evidence for Global Temperature Changes, Part 2
Ice core proxy
Coral proxy
Comparing estimates
13.10.a
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Greenhouse Gases and Temperature-Change Records
from Ice Cores
13.11.a5
Is there a cause and effect relationship between
temperature and CO2?
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How Plate Tectonics Affects Climate
Mountains influence regional climates
Changes in seafloor spreading affect sea level
Volcanoes release gas and dust
13.12.a
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Consider how climate might change as a plate moves
Permian (260 Ma)
Cretaceous (75 Ma)
Neogene (20 Ma)
13.12.b
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How Does Climate Affect Tectonics?
Slopes reflect balance of uplift and erosion
Rate of erosion related to climate, so affects
height of uplift
Intense erosion may allow lateral movement of
material in Himalaya
13.12.c
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Factors that Affect Where Life Can Exist
Temperature
Water
13.13.a
Nutrients and energy
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Classification of Ecosystems
This map combines factors to represent ecosystems
Blues plant growth controlled by temperature
Greens favorable to plant growth
Reds dry climates
Dark greens plant growth limited by soils
13.13.b1
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Some Geologic Controls on Ecology
Mountains catch rainfall
Flat areas produce soils
Determines water flows
Nutrients in rocks
13.13.c
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2004 Hurricane Season
13.14.a
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Observe the changes from previous hurricane
seasons to the 2004 season
Atmospheric pattern in 2004
Atmospheric pattern from 1995 to 2003
13.14.b
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Other Factors that Produced the 2004 Hurricanes
Ridge steered storms toward Florida
Ridge kept hurricanes in tropics
Unusually warm water off Florida
Strong upper winds formed storms
ITCZ Intertropical convergence zone
13.14.c1
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Investigation Observe the Environments in These
Areas
13.15.a
F Storm-damaged trees
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Observe these additional data
Satellite current analysis
Satellite wind data
13.15.a
Ocean-water temperatures and sea surface
temperatures
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Show probable locations for rain forests (R),
deserts (D), agricultural areas (A), and
hurricane risk (H)
13.15.a14