Articulations

1
Articulations

• How we all come together

2
Joints have two functions

• Hold bones together
• Provide mobility
• They are the weakest part of your skeleton

3
Classification of joints

• Structurally
• Functionally

4
Structurally

• How bones are held together
• Fibrous bones are connected by cartilage
• sutures
• Cartilaginous bone ends connected by cartilage
• Pubic symphysis
• intervertebral joints of spinal colum
• Synovial articulating bone ends are separated
  by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
• All ball bearing joints

5
Functionally

• The amount of movement they allow
• Synarthroses
• Amphiathroses
• Diarthroses

6
Synarthritic

• No movement. Very tight between joints. Fibrous
  joints.
• Sutures of the skull
• Gomphosis, roots of teeth united with bone
• Syndesmosis , fibio tibular joint
• Most have a zig zag patttern, cannot come undone

7
Amphiarthritic joints

• Slight movement, cartilaginous joints
• Symphysis, pubic symphysis
• Ribs and sternum

8
Diarthritic

• Also known as synovial joints. These are freely
  moveable joints.
• Knees, hips, wrist, shoulder, etc.
• Most have capsules between the joints to cushion
  and lubricate. Fluid is called synovial fluid.

9
Generally

• Fibrous joints are immoveable
• Synovial joints are freely moveable

10
Synovial joints

• The articulating bone surfaces determine what
  movements are allowed at a joint
• Plane wrist
• Hinge elbow and ankle
• Pivot joint between axis and atlas
• Condyloid knuckle joints
• Saddle thumb
• Ball and socket hip and shoulder

11
Bursitis

• Also called water on the knee because of the
  inflammation of bursae

12
Sprains

• Ligaments or tendons reinforcing joint are
  damaged by excessive stretching or torn away from
  the bone. They heal slowly because of the poor
  blood supply.

13
Arthritis

• Refers to over 100 different inflammatory or
  degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
• Acute arthritis usually result from bacterial
  invasion

14
Two most familiar types

• The most common type of arthritis is
  osteoarthritis which deteriorates the articular
  cartilage
• Rheumatoid, the crippling type

15
An auto immune disease

• A disorder in which the bodys immune system
  attempts to destroy its own tissues
• Lupus. In the arthritis family, but does not
  confine itself to joints
• Tends to set up in organs like liver and kidneys
• No major symptoms will be shown immediately.
  Because of this, it could result in death if not
  detected in time

16
Gout

• Bone ends will fuse and the joint becomes
  immobilized.

17
Fibrous

• No joint cavity
• Fibrous tissue unites bone to bone

18
Cartilaginous

• United by a plate of hyaline cartilage
• No joint cavity, little or no movement
• Chief function is to allow growth

19
Synovial

• Uniaxial
• Biaxial
• Multiaxial

20
The movement at the joints stimulates the flow of
synovial fluid. This is why it is so critical to
take part in some sort of physical activity all
of your life. To maintain healthy joints,
movement is necessary.
21
Some major joints

• Temporomandibular Joint
• Glenohymeral (shoulder)
• Coxal
• Tibiofemoral

22
Temporomandibular

• The only movable joint in the head

23
Glenohymeral

• Multiaxial
• Has a greater range than any joint in the body
• Dislocated more than any other joint
• SITS muscles give strength and stability
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
• Subscapularis

24
Coxal

• Multiaxial
• Hip bone
• One of the most secure, strong and stable
  articulations in the body

25
Tibiofemoral

• The largest and most complex joint
• The most vulnerable to injury
• Three synovial joints
• In the center of the knee
• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
• Strong cords that cross like an X
• ACL taut when extended, slack when flexed
• Prevents backward dislocation of femur
• Most often torn

26
Knee (cont)

• Lateral and medial menisci act as a cushion
  between ends of the bone that met at joint
• Injury to medial meniscus occurs about 20 times
  more often than lateral , sudden twist of flexed
  knee that is bearing weight can tear it

27
Effects of aging

• With age synovial fluid usually decreases
• Articular cartilage thins
• Ligaments become shorter and less flexible

28
When things go wrong

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gouty arthritis
• Bursitis
• Temporomandibular
• Tendonitis
• Sprain

29
(No Transcript)
30

• An X-Ray of a knee with osteoarthritis.
• Look at the very small amount of cartilage
  between the bones

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Arthroscopy

• Looking into a joint
• Permits a surgeon to place a lighted scope about
  the size of a pencil into a joint capsule to view
  the structural damage and do surgery

34
(No Transcript)