Umayyad and Abbasid Empires

1
Building an Arab Empire

• Umayyad and Abbasid Empires

2
Divisions within Islam

• Crisis Who would take over for Muhammad after
  his death.
• Caliph leader, successor to Muhammad

3
Shiites

• Shiite followers felt that Muhammad had
  designated his son-in-law, Ali, to be his
  successor.
• They believe the true successors to the prophet
  are the descendants of Ali and his daughter
  Fatima.
• These descendants are called Imams or divinely
  inspired religious leaders. Empowered to
  interpret the Koran. Minority.

4
12 imans

• Infallible leaders that direct descendents of
  Muhammad
• 12th Iman Muhammad al-Mahdi Hides outside of
  Samarra in 874 ce
• Allah will reveal Mahdi and return to guide
  humanity

5
Sunnis

• Sunnis believe that the Caliph position should be
  an elected position.
• First Caliph Abu Bakr.
• First convert and father-in-law to Muhammad
• Majority of Muslims
• Beliefs political leader of the religious
  community (sunna)
• Inspiration comes from examples of Muhammad

6
Sufis

• Muslim mystics
• Sought communication with God through meditation,
  fasting, and spinning in circles (whirling
  dervish)
• Believed to have miraculous powers

7
Rightly Guided Caliphs

• The first four Caliphs
• Close to Muhammad
• Abu Bakr
• Umar or Omar
• Uthmann
• Ali

8
Abu Bakr

• 632-634
• Daughter Aisha married Mohammed
• Unified Community
• Raised an Army

9
Umar

• 15th convert to Islam
• 634-644
• Spread the Empire
• Calendar date to the Hirja

10
Spread of Islam Under Umar, 634-644
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Uthmann

• 644-656
• Spread Islamic Empire to Mediterranean
• Put together Koran
• Killed 656

12
Empire Under Uthmann
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Ali

• 1st male convert to Islam
• Cousin and Son in Law of Mohammad.
• Married Muhammads daughter Fatima
• Assassinated by being slashed with a poisoned
  sword 661 in Najaf
• Shiites believe in his line of leaders

14
Tomb of Ali
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Battle of Karbala

• October 10, 680
• Husayn Ali vs. Umayyad Empire
• Separates Sunni and Shia Islam
• Husayn and 71 others killed buried in Karbala
• Survivors marches to Damascus

16
Karbala
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Ashura

• Festival to the fallen at Karbala
• March of captives to Damascus
• Banned in some Sunni
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v49J6eh7kJMAfeature
  related

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Differences
Sunni Any worthy man Regardless of
lineage 1st Caliph Abu Bakr Winners Decentralize
d no centralized Authority Individual 85 of
Islamic world See Shiites as heretics Not
oppressed Wahhibism (Saudi Arabia) Moderate
Turkey
Similarities Belief in 5 Pillars Daily
Prayer Fasting Charity Hajj Monotheism Koran
holy text Mohammad Resurrection Judgment Day No
Idolatry
Shiite Direct Descendant Partisans of
Ali Losers Centralized Heirarchy Clergy Ayatollah
s 15 Cult of Death Alis son Hussayn
680 Oppressed Iraq/Iran 12 Legitimate successors
to Mohammad Aka Imams Last Imam Mahdi (874)
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Before the UmayyadThe Byzantine Empire
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Umayyad Caliphs661-750 A.D.

• Meccan Clan
• Sunni
• Capital, Damascus (Syria)
• Empire expanded from Spain in west to Indus River
  Valley (Pakistan/India) in east
• 711 Spain
• 732 France stopped at the Battle of Tours by
  Charles the Hammer Martel

21
Umayyad Caliphate
22
Charles The Hammer Martel
23
Battle of Tours
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TOURS
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Reason for Muslim Success

• Weakness of Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) and
  Persian Empires
• Many people welcomed Arabs as liberators
• Bedouin horse and camel cavalry
• United a patchwork of tribes
• Belief in Islam and desire to glorify new
  religion
• Orderly system of administration

26
Conquered People Treated Fairly

• Super Tax on People of the Book
• Converts given advantages

27
Decline of Umayyad Empire

• 1. Rulers had trouble adapting from living in the
  desert to ruling large cities and huge
  territories
• 2. Non Arabs did not have the same privileges as
  Arabs - resentment
• 3. Umayyad caliphs became corrupted/living in
  luxury

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Rise of the Abbasids750 A.D. 1258 A.D.

• Founder and leader Abu al-Abbas
• Descendant of Muhammads uncle
• Killed all members (except one) of last Umayyad
  ruling family

29
Abbasid Empire
30
Changes Under Abbasids

• Create equality of all Muslims
• Halted large military conquests
• Empire of caliphs reached its greatest wealth and
  power
• Muslim civilization flourished
• Ended discrimination of non Arabs
• Encouraged learning

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• Moved capital from Damascus (Syria) to Baghdad
  (Iraq)
• Shiite
• Umayyad keeps Spain

32
Muslim Civilizations Golden AgeDuring the
Abbasid Empire

• 750-1350 Built vast trading network
• Money economy
• Partnerships
• Credit
• Formed banks
• Bank Checks
• Manufactured goods highly sought
• Agriculture thrives
• Social Mobility
• Slave Practice

33
Ships of the Sand
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Arts, Literature, Architecture

• Poetry
• Calligraphy the art of beautiful handwriting
• Architecture 688 Dome of the Rock
• Libraries of Baghdad Learning Centers
• Ancient philosophy and history preserved by
  Muslim scholars
• Advances in astronomy, mathematics, medicine

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Calligraphy
36
Dome of the Rock
37
The Muslim Empire DeclinesSeljuk Turks

• 900 A.D. Seljuk Turks (from Central Asia) adopted
  Islam and set up and empire across the Fertile
  Crescent
• 1055 Sultan or ruler takes over Baghdad
• Pushed into Asia Minor (Turkey)
• Threatened the Byzantine Empire
• Preventing Christian pilgrims from entering
  Jerusalem
• 1095 Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade
  to free Holy Lands of Muslim invaders

38
Seljuk Turkish Empire
39
Route Map of the 1st Crusade
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Mongols

• 1216 - Genghis Kahn led the Mongols out of
  Central Asia into Southwest Asia
• 1258 Grandson of Genghis Khan looted Baghdad
• Killed the last Abbasid caliph
• Mongols convert to Islam
• Timur the Lane or Tamerlane conquers many Muslim
  lands

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Mongol Empire In The Late 1400s