Chapter 11 The Civil War

1
Chapter 11The Civil War

• 1861-1865

2
The Civil War

• Section 1
• Resources, Strategies, and
• Early Battles
• How did each sides resources and strategies
  affect the early battles of the war?

3
Union and Confederate Resources

• Advantages of the Union
• Population
• _______________________________________
• _______________________________________
• Industry
• Coal iron
• Factories to produce weapons, ammunition,
  uniforms, medical supplies, railroad cars

4
Union and Confederate Resources

• Union had a navy
• By late 1861 Union had launched over 250 warships
  with more under construction
• Navy used to ____________ southern ports
  prevented merchants ships from entering or
  leaving southern ports

5
Union and Confederate Resources

• Advantages of the Confederacy
• Psychological many northerners willing to let
  the South and slavery go preserving the Union
  not worth dying for
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________________
• _________________________________________

6
Union and Confederate Resources

• Advantages of the Confederacy
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________

7
Confederate and Union Strategies

• Confederacy sought foreign support
• Militarily preserve armies to wear down Union
• Politically win diplomatic recognition from
  Britain and France
• South needed manufactured goods from Europe
• Europe needed southern cotton
• England France might give military help to the
  South

8
Confederate and Union Strategies

• Union Anaconda Plan
• Devised by Winfield Scott
• ______________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________
• South would be squeezed like by a snake

9
Confederate and Union Strategies

• Lincoln Avoided Slavery Issue
• Border States slave states that did not secede
• _________________________________________
• If they seceded Union could lose
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________
• I believe I have no lawful right to free the
  slaves, and I have no inclination to do so.
• Border states remained in the Union

10
Early Battles

• 1st Bull Run Manassas
• General Irvin McDowell was sent with 35,000 Union
  troops to oppose 32,000 Confederate troops under
  Joseph Johnston July 21, 1861
• Union had initial advantage attacking the
  Confederate left flank
• Virginia brigade under Colonel Thomas J. Jackson
  stopped Union advance
• Jacksons Virginians then led an attack on Union
  forces
• Union forces were routed, ran back to Washington

11
Early Battles

• General Barnard Bee to Colonel Jackson The
  Enemy are driving us!
• Jackson Then sir, we will give them the
  bayonet!
• Bee There is Jackson standing like a stone
  wall. Let us determine to die here and we will
  conquer. Follow me.

12
1st Bull Run (Manassas)

• Belligerents
• United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)
• Commanders
• Irvin McDowell Joseph E. Johnston P.G.T
  . Beauregard
• Strength
• 35,000 32,500
• Casualties and losses
• 2,896 1,982
• (460 killed, 1,124 wounded (387 killed
  1,312captured/missing) 1,582 wounded 13
  missing)  

13
Fighting in Tennessee

• After Bull Run, Lincoln fired McDowell and made
  General _________________________commander
• McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac
• In the West, _________________________started a
  campaign to capture the Mississippi River valley

14
Fighting in Tennessee

• February 1862 Grant captured Fort Henry on the
  Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the
  Cumberland River drove Confederate forces from
  western Kentucky and Tennessee

15
Fighting in Tennessee

• Battle of Shiloh April 6-7, 1862
• Confederate forces attacked Grants army on the
  Tennessee River in southwest Tennessee
• On first day of the battle Confederates drove
  back Union forces to the river but suffered 8,500
  casualties, expected to finish Yankees off the
  next day.
• 2nd day Grant attacked and defeated the Rebel
  forces bloodiest battle in U.S. history fought
  to that point nearly 24,000 killed, wounded,
  missing in two days

16
Shiloh

• Belligerents
• United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)
• Commanders
• Ulysses S. Grant Albert Sidney Johnston
• Don Carlos Buell   P.G.T. Beauregard
• Strength
• Army of the Tennessee (48,894) Army of
  Mississippi (44,699)
• Army of the Ohio (17,918)
• Casualties and losses
• 13,047 10,699
• (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded (1,728 killed, 8,012
  wounded
• 2,885 captured/missing)  959 captured/missing)

17
Shiloh

• Northern critics including newspapers demanded
  Lincoln fire Grant
• ________________________________________
• _________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _____________________________

18
Stalemate in the East

• McClellan planned to attack south and capture
  Richmond
• __________________________________________________
  _______________________________
• Lincoln wanted action

19
Stalemate in the East

• McClellan commanded the Army of the Potomac to
  attack toward Richmond The Peninsula Campaign
  June-July 1862
• Lee commanded the Army of Northern Virginia
  defeated Union forces inflicting almost 16,000
  casualties Lee lost 20,000 casualties

20
Stalemate in the East

• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________
• Pope lost 2nd Battle of Bull Run, August 28-30,
  to Lee, 10,000 Union casualties
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________
• Lee continued north into Maryland to find
  supplies and gain recruits from the border state

21
The Civil War

• Section 2
• African Americans and the War
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation and
  Lincolns political situation affect the course of
  the war?

22
Push for Emancipation

• Abolitionists were impatient with Lincoln about
  his lack of action on slavery
• Winning the war would not be enough for the North
  if the issue of slavery was not settled.
• Lincoln disliked slavery
• _________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________

23
Push for Emancipation

• On battlefields runaway slaves crossing the lines
  to Union forces
• Union General Benjamin Butler gathered former
  slaves and put them to work doing manual labor as
  contraband captured war supplies

24
Push for Emancipation

• After Union failures on the battlefields of
  Virginia Lincoln knew he needed a victory or a
  declaration of emancipation would look like a
  desperation move
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________

25
Battle of Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg)

• On September 3, 1862 Lees 45,000 man Army of
  Northern Virginia entered Maryland
• McClellan moved northwest from Washington with
  the 87,000 man Army of the Potomac
• Citizens of Maryland did not rally to Lee as he
  hoped
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

26
Antietam Creek

• Union forces met the Confederate forces along
  Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg early on the
  morning September 17 th
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________

27
Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg)

• Belligerents
• United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)
• Commanders
• George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee
• Strength
• 87,000 45,000
• Casualties and losses
• 12,401 10,316
• (2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded (1,546 killed, 7,752
  wounded 753 captured/missing) 1,018
  captured/missing)
•  

28
Antietam Creek

• By the end of the day nearly 23,000 soldiers on
  both sides were dead, wounded, or missing
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• More Americans died on September 17, 1862 than on
  any other day in American military history more
  than World War IIs D-day or Sept. 11, 2001

29
Emancipation

• After Antietam Lincoln decided he had the
  military victory he needed to proceed on the
  question of emancipating the slaves

30
Emancipation

• September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the
  Emancipation Proclamation as a military decree
• Proclamation took effect January 1, 1863
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________

31
Emancipation

• Lincoln hoped some southern states might
  surrender before the deadline
• Proclamation said nothing about slaves in slave
  states that were not in rebellion Delaware,
  Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
• Before the Proclamation, Congress passed the
  Militia Act allowing free blacks to join the
  military

32
Emancipation

• Many in the North responded to the EP with great
  excitement
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________
• EP may have been a reason why Democrats made
  gains in the fall Congressional elections

33
Results of the Emancipation Proclamation

• Redefined the purpose of the war the war was
  now about abolishing slavery
• South was furious ______________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _____

34
The Civil War

• Section 3
• Life During the War
• How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting
  changes to American society?

35
The Home Front in the North

• War and the Northern economy
• Paying to supply the Union military a major
  economic challenge
• Union introduced a tax based on an individuals
  earnings an income tax
• First tax was 3 on all income over 800
• As War continued the tax was raised
• Union also raised tariffs raised revenue and
  helped northern manufacturers

36
War and the Northern Economy

• Biggest source of revenue was the sale of
  government bonds return of purchase price plus
  interest guaranteed by
• the government
• Union, and Confederacy sold
• billions of dollars worth of
• bonds to banks and
• individuals
• Purchasing bonds was seen as a sign of patriotism

37
The Home Front in the North

• Foreign affairs during the War
• At the outbreak of the war Britain attempted to
  maintain a strict neutrality between the Union
  and the Confederacy
• At the time British textile mills had plenty of
  cotton from Egypt and India
• Britain needed wheat and corn from Northern farms
• The Confederacy needed help from Britain

38
The Trent Affair

• In October 1861 two Confederate diplomats slipped
  through the Union blockade at Charleston to sail
  south to Cuba to meet a British ship to sail to
  England
• The diplomats were going to England and France to
  negotiate formal recognition of the Confederate
  States of America

39
The Trent Affair

• November 8 USS San
• Jacinto intercepted the
• British ship RMS Trent
• and captured the two
• Confederate diplomats
• Britain is outraged at the
• action accuses U.S. of
• violating British neutrality
• Britain moved troops to Canada and war ships to
  the Western Atlantic

40
The Trent Affair

• Americans upset after Bull Run celebrated the
  capture as a victory
• Neither side wanted hostilities but Britain
  demanded an apology and release of the diplomats
  an affront to their honor
• Lincoln realized he did not want to risk war with
  Britain, apologized and freed the diplomats

41
Conscription North South

• Needing men to fight, both Union and Confederacy
  instituted conscription a draft to bring
  soldiers into the army
• Confederate draft
• Started in 1862
• All able bodied white men aged 18 to 35
• Those with money could escape the draft
• Substitutes could be hired
• Planters who owned 20 or more slaves were exempted

42
Conscription North South

• Confederate draft (cont.)
• Poor Confederates complained that it was a rich
  mans war but a poor mans fight.
• 90 of eligible southern men served in the army

43
Conscription North South

• Union Draft
• Started in 1863
• White men aged 20 to 45
• Substitutes could be hired
• Commutation (pay 300 to avoid conscription)
• Only 46,000 draftees actually went into army
• 92 of the army were volunteers
• 180,000 African-Americans joined the army

44
Conscription North South

• New York Draft Riots
• Wages 2 per day, draft fell on recent Irish
  immigrants with low paying jobs
• Working men resented rich being able to pay to
  avoid the draft
• Angry at having to fight to free slaves

45
Conscription North South

• New York Draft Riots
• Working men also worried about losing their jobs
  to African-Americans who were not subject to the
  draft
• July 1863 four days of riots in New York
• Attacked rich looking men, African-Americans
• Union troops called in
• More than 100 dead

46
Lincoln Deals with Dissent

• One week after Fort Sumter, Lincoln sent troops
  to Baltimore when crowds attacked moving army
  units
• Suspended habeas corpus protection from being
  jailed without a charge in Maryland
• Arrested public officials who dissented with war
• 1862 Lincoln suspended habeas corpus nationally
• Jailed over 13,000 suspected Confederate
  sympathizers
• Seized telegraph offices, ignored Supreme Court
  rulings against his actions

47
Lincoln Deals with Dissent

• Those arrested included Copperheads Northern
  Democrats who advocated peace with the South
• Wore lady liberty part of copper pennies as
  pins to signify their opposition to the war
  copperheads
• Jefferson Davis at first denounced Lincolns
  actions but suspended habeas corpus soon after
  Lincoln

48
Women and the War

• When men left for war women took over family
  businesses, farms
• With men away so long, women made advances in
  jobs previously dominated by men teaching
• Women in nursing developed during the war
• Clara Barton traveled with Union Army giving
  care to sick and wounded of both sides

49
War in the East

• Late 1862, Lincoln replaced McClellan with
  General Ambrose Burnside because McClellan did
  not pursue Lee after Antietam
• Well liked bad choice
• Hesitated to take the command
• Like McClellan, he tended to hesitate rather than
  attack

50
Battle of Fredericksburg

• Burnsides plan A late fall offensive
• Move the Army of the Potomac south and cross the
  Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Va.
• Attack Richmond down the Fredericksburg-Richmond
  railroad

51
Battle of Fredericksburg

• Army of the Potomac marched south on November 15
  and arrived on the river opposite Fredericksburg
  two days later
• Army needed pontoons to make bridges to cross the
  river
• Pontoons did not arrive until December 11

52
Battle of Fredericksburg

• Lees army was not at Fredericksburg when the
  Union army arrived
• While Burnside waited for pontoons Lee assembled
  his army and dug in on Maryess Heights,
  overlooking the town
• Lees artillery able to prepare for the assault
  up the heights

53
Battle of Fredericksburg

• Main battle started at 100 AM, December 13 with
  Union forces beginning to attack up Maryes
  Heights
• 6 Divisions of Union troops tried 16 charges all
  of which failed
• 6,000 8,000 Union casualties
• Sleet storm in the evening with dead and wounded
  still on the hill

54
Battle of Fredericksburg

• Aftermath
• Armies waited in position on December 14
• Burnside considered personally leading one more
  attack was convinced not to
• December 15 Army of the Potomac retreated back to
  Washington in disgrace

55
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

• Professor of rhetoric and classical languages at
  Bowdoin College, Maine
• Graduate of Bangor Theological Seminary
• Joined the army at the beginning of the war
• Commander of 20th Maine Infantry Regiment at
  Fredericksburg

56
The Civil War

• Section 4
• Turning Points of the War
• How did the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg
  change the course of the Civil War?

57
Vicksburg March-July 1863

• Anaconda plan depended on control of the
  Mississippi river and cutting the South in half
• Vicksburg, Mississippi was the key to controlling
  the Mississippi River
• Vicksburg fortress high above the river lots
  of artillery to fire at ships on the water or
  armies trying to capture the city.

58
Vicksburg

• Admiral David Farragut tried to assault the city
  from the River but the attack was defeated
• General Grant tried digging a canal so that Union
  ships could bypass the Confederate Batteries

59
Vicksburg

• Spring 1863 Grant marched his troops through
  Louisiana to the south of Vicksburg
• Had his cavalry attack rail lines in Mississippi
  to draw Confederate attention away from Vicksburg
• April 20 Grant sent 20,000 men northeast to
  capture the state capital of Jackson, Mississippi
• Then the army turned west towards Vicksburg with
  the city completely cut off

60
Vicksburg

• Grant tried two direct attacks on Vicksburg
  failed to break the defenses
• On May 22 Grant
• placed Vicksburg
• under siege army
• surrounds, bombards,
• and cuts off all
• supplies to an enemy
• position to force a surrender

61
Vicksburg

• Union artillery
• bombarded the city
• for over a month
• Citizens dug caves
• in the hills of the city and lived there
• On July 4th Confederate commander, General
  Pemberton, surrendered the city to General Grant
• Union now controlled the entire Mississippi

62
Vicksburg

• Belligerents
• United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)
• Commanders
• Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton 
• Strength
• 77,000 33,000
• Casualties and losses
• 4,835 32,697
• (29,495 surrendered)

63
Turning Point in the East

• Chancellorsville
• After Fredericksburg, Lincoln replaced Burnside
  with Fighting Joe Hooker
• Lee moved his army to meet Hooker at
  Chancellorsville overwhelming victory for Lee
• Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by rebel
  troops, died of pneumonia a few days later

64
Gettysburg

• Lee wanted to draw troops away from Vicksburg,
  sensed an opportunity to invade the North, attack
  Harrisburg and Philadelphia, gain foreign
  support, win the war
• General George Meade new commander of Army of
  the Potomac pursued Lee north into Pennsylvania

65
Gettysburg

• On July 1, 1863 some of Lees army, looking for
  shoes ran into Union cavalry west of Gettysburg,
  Pa.
• Confederate forces were reinforced, pushed the
  Union forces back to the south of the town onto
  higher ground.
• Lee ordered his commander to continue to push the
  Union forces
• back but General
• Ewell did not
• attack

66
Gettysburg

• July 2, Lee ordered Longstreet to move to the
  south and attack the Union left and capture two
  hills Big and Little Round Top
• Union at first left the Round Tops undefended
  then rushed troops including 20th Maine Infantry
  and Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain to defend
• 20th Maine was left end of the Union Line,
  endured multiple attacks by 15th Alabama infantry

67
Gettysburg

• After 3-4 hours of fighting 20th Maine ran out of
  ammunition, lost 30 of their men
• Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge as the
  Confederates charged,
• took rebels by surprise
• Chamberlain wounded, awarded the Congressional
  Medal of Honor

68
Gettysburg

• July 3 Lee believed he could still defeat the
  Federals
• He had attacked to his left, he had attacked the
  right now he believed he could attack the center
• At 100 PM Confederate artillery started a 2 hour
  bombardment with 170 cannons largest artillery
  barrage of the war

69
Gettysburg

• At 300 Longstreets I Corps 12,500 men
  including General
• George Picketts
• division started
• across 1 mile wheat
• field and up
• Cemetery Ridge
• The attack, called
• Picketts Charge,
• was driven back with over 50 casualties

70
Gettysburg

• Army of Northern Virginia suffered a crushing
  defeat
• Lee withdrew back to Virginia
• Meade does not pursue
• Southern armies never again invade the North

71
Gettysburg

• Belligerents
• United States (Union) CSA(Confederacy)
• Commanders
• George G. Meade Robert E. Lee
• Strength
• 93,921 71,699
• Casualties and losses
• 23,055 23,231
• (3,155 killed (4,708 killed
• 14,531 wounded 12,693 wounded
• 5,369 captured/missing) 5,830 captured/missing)
•  

72
Gettysburg

• Largest battle ever fought in the Western
  Hemisphere
• About 165,000 soldiers took part in the battle
• Over 46,000 casualties on both sides
• From July 3, 1863 to the end of the war in April
  1865 the Confederacy would fight a losing
  defensive war

73
Lincoln Honors the Dead

• November 1863 Lincoln came to Gettysburg to
  dedicate a new cemetery
• Not the featured speaker Edward Everett spoke
  for nearly 2 hours
• Lincolns Gettysburg Address lasted less than
  two minutes
• Has come to be recognized as one of the most
  enduring statements of American values
• Four score and seven years ago

74
The Union Presses the Advantage

• After Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Lincoln fired Meade
• Grant called east to take command of the army
• Grant took the Army of the Potomac and drove
  south against Lee towards Richmond
• Grant continued to attack Lee horrifying losses
  but Lees army weakened faster

75
The Union Presses the Advantage

• Shermans March
• Started from Chattanooga with 60,000 men in May
  1864
• Drove south through Atlanta to Savannah
• When Atlanta was evacuated Sherman ordered it
  burned
• Sherman and Grant fought total war striking
  civilian as well as military targets

76
The Union Presses the Advantage

• Goals of total war
• Strike military and civilian targets
• Destroy materials and crops that enemy forces
  might be able to use
• Destroy railroads
• and factories to
• damage local economy
• Break the peoples will
• to continue fighting

77
Election of 1864

• Difficult campaign for Lincoln
• Military winning battles but the cost was high
• Republicans said Lincoln grabbing too much
  authority
• Democrats wanted to stop the fighting
• Democrats nominated General George McClellan
• Lincoln won the election with 55 of the popular
  vote, 212 out of 233 electoral votes

78
The Civil War

• Section 5
• The Wars End and Impact
• What was the final outcome and impact of the
  American Civil War?

79
Wars Final Days

• Grant continued to engage Lee with the goal of
  wearing down the southern army and capturing
  Richmond
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _____________________________
• In the siege Union forces lost 50,000 casualties
  and the Confederates lost 28,000 but the
  Confederates had no replacements

80
Wars Final Days

• In February 1865 a party led by the Confederate
  Vice President met with President Lincoln to try
  to negotiate an end to the war
• Congress had recently proposed the Thirteenth
  Amendment to the Constitution which would outlaw
  slavery
• Confederate peace delegation was unwilling to
  accept being part of the Union if the Thirteenth
  amendment passed

81
Wars Final Days

• By 1865 Lincoln was confident of Union victory
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________

82
Wars Final Days

• On March 4, 1865 Lincoln stated his aims in his
  second inaugural address which concluded
• With malice toward none, with charity for all,
  with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
  the right, let us strive on to finish the work we
  are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care
  for him who shall have borne the battle and for
  his widow and his orphan, to do all which may
  achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace
  among ourselves and with all nations.

83
Wars Final Days

• On March 25 Lees army tried to break out of the
  siege and join other Rebel forces in North
  Carolina
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ___________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

84
Lees Surrender

• By April 8 Lees Army of Northern Virginia was
  suffering from lack of food, exhausted from
  constant attacks by Union forces
• Confederates were trapped at Appomattox
  Courthouse

85
Lees Surrender

• On April 9 Lee sent word to Grant that he was
  prepared to surrender his army
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ___________

86
Lees Surrender

• General Grant selected Major General Joshua
  Lawrence Chamberlain to accept the formal
  surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia
• Chamberlain ordered his men to stand at attention
  and pay respect to the surrendering Confederates

87
Lincoln is Assassinated

• On the evening of April 14 Lincoln and his wife
  attended a play at Fords Theater
• John Wilkes Booth an actor and Confederate
  sympathizer snuck into the presidential box and
  shot Lincoln in the back of the head
• Jumped onto the stage and shouted Sic semper
  tyrannis! (Thus ever to tyrants.)

88
Lincoln is Assassinated

• Lincoln was carried out of the Theater and across
  the street to a boarding house where he died the
  next morning at 722

89
Lincoln is Assassinated

• Booth became the target of a massive manhunt
• It was discovered that Booth led a conspiracy to
  murder not only Lincoln but the Vice President
  and the Secretary of State
• April 26 Booth was trapped in a barn and shot by
  federal soldiers

90
Lincoln is Assassinated

• The assassination plotters hoped to cause panic
  in the North giving the South a chance to regroup
  and keep fighting
• Four conspirators were tried and hanged

91
Why the North Won

• South began the war with confidence, better
  military leadership and determination to defend
  their land
• North able to concentrate greater technology,
  larger population, more abundant resources
• North also found military expertise in Grant and
  Sherman
• North also had steady leadership of Lincoln who
  managed to keep the Union together and focused on
  its purpose

92
Cost of the War

• 10,455 Engagements
• Nearly 1.1 million casualties
• About 583,000 dead due to combat and disease
• About 471,000 wounded
• About 2.9 billion
• By 1906 another 3.3 billion spent on Northern
  Army veterans pensions and benefits

93
Wars Lasting Impact

• Civil War ushered in modern war
• First time citizens saw the results of war
  through photos of journalists such as Mathew Brady

94
Wars Effect on Society

• South was destroyed
• Soldiers came home to total destruction
• Defeat shook their beliefs to the core
• African-Americans were disoriented but had a
  sense of hope
• But during Reconstruction many blacks found that
  the promise was not to be fulfilled easily

95
Wars Effect on Society

• Sectional differences remained but never again
  threatened the Union
• Debate over states rights did not end but the
  war cemented federal authority
• Federal government came to play a larger role in
  citizens lives
• Citizens began to see themselves less as the
  citizen of a state and more as a citizen of the
  United States