RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATION

• HONORS BIOLOGY

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THE BIG PICTURE
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ENERGY RELEASE BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

• Step by step release of stored chemical energy
  (held in bonds of glucose) by enzyme-controlled
  biological reactions
• Release of energy in two forms
• body heat
• ATP

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CHAPTER 9

• Some ATP is made from the breakdown of glucose
  without using oxygen! In other words, there are
  some organisms that do not NEED oxygen!
• To release energy a little at a time, the cell
  takes glucose apart a little at a time through a
  series of chemical reactions

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9.2 PRODUCING ATP WITHOUT OXYGEN

• GLYCOLYSIS
• glyco (glucose) lysis (break apart)
• breakdown of glucose to release energy
• first step in glucose breakdown
• occurs in the cytoplasm

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GLUCOSE C6H1206

• Glycolysis happens in ALL cells
• Glycolysis does NOT need oxygen

• Glycolysis uses 2 ATP to get the process going.

ATP
ATP
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GLYCOLYSIS
Two ATP needed to begin
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GLYCOLYSIS

• Glucose is split into 2 molecules of PGAL each
  containing 3 carbons

Each new molecule is called PGAL
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GLYCOLYSIS
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GLYCOLYSIS
TWO PGALs CONTINUE BREAKING DOWN
TWO NADHs ARE FORMED HERE
TWO ATPs ARE MADE HERE
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PGAL CONTINUES TO BREAK DOWN UNTIL PYRUVATE IS
FORMED
END PRODUCTPYRUVATE
TWO ATPs ARE MADE HERE
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WHAT IS NADH?

• NAD COMBINES WITH A H AND ITS ELECTRONS TO
  FORM NADH
• NADH ACTS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER FOR HIGH ENERGY
  ELECTRONS

NAD () H NADH
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INPUT VS OUTPUT

• INPUT
• ONE GLUCOSE
• TWO ATPs
• TWO NAD

• OUTPUT
• TWO PYRUVATES (also called pyruvic acid)
• FOUR ATPs
• TWO NADHs

NOTE _____IC ACID ______ATE FILL IN THE
BLANKS!
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SOOOOOOO..HOW MUCH ATP?

• TWO TO START
• FOUR ARE MADE
• NET OF TWO ATPs DURING GLYCOLYSIS

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SUMMARY ANIMATION
Cellular respiration animation
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FERMENTATION

• Mechanism to get rid of electrons if oxygen is
  not available
• Usually need oxygen to take H off of NADH to form
  more NAD so that glycolysis will keep going
• If there is no NAD you cant have glycolysis
  because there would not be anything to pick up
  the electrons release when PGAL is broken down to
  pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

don't zzzzzzzz
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

• OTHERWISE KNOWN AS FERMENTATION
• TWO TYPES
• LACTIC ACID (LACTATE)
• ETHYL ALCOHOL

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

• When ATP is needed but oxygen is not present, the
  pyruvic acid (_______) changes into lactic acid
  (_________)
• Answer to blanks pyruvate lactate
• Happens in muscle cells after strenuous exercise
  and an oxygen debt occurs which causes pain and
  fatigue
• Only happens if cells need more energy than can
  be produced by glycolysis and no oxygen is present

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LACTATE FERMENTATION USES TWO NADH TO CHANGE
PYRUVATE INTO LACTIC ACID
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SUMMARY ANIMATION
Cellular respiration animation
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ALCOHOL FERMENTATION

• Occurs in yeast cells
• Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to
  carbon dioxide and alcohol
• Used is bread, beer and wine production

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ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
2
CO
2
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COMPARISON OF TWO TYPES
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WHAT IS MISSING?
OXYGEN