Respiration

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Respiration

• The hows and whys of a breath

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The Tidal movement of air
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Tidal movement of air

• Nasal cavities
• nasopharynx
• pharynx
• larynx
• vocal cords
• trachea

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More airways

• Bronchioles
• respiratory bronchioles
• aveoli
• can you name all the structure air passes?

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Human Respiratory System. Putting it all together
Figure 10.1
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The lungs

• Located in thoracic cavity above dome shaped
  diaphragm.
• Surrounded by a sac like membrane with fluid in
  it called the pleural sac.
• Alveoli (blind sacs) are surrounded by a dense
  capillary network and is site of gas exchange.

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Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9
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Factors that effect gas exchange

• Air is 21 oxygen. (partial pressure)
• The pressure of air affects the amount of oxygen
  available.
• O2 CO2 move from high to low pressure.
• Gas exchange occurs at the surface which must be
  moist. (800sq feet of surface)

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Lung capacity

• Male 4800ml Female 3800(vital capacity)
• 150ml is dead space.
• 500ml is moved in and out during rest. (tidal
  volume)
• 350ml actull reach alveoli
• 1200ml of residual air is always in the lungs and
  cannot be forced out. (residual volume)

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Measurement of Lung Capacity
Figure 10.10a
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The two sites of gas exchange

• In the lungs
• Oxygen has a high pressure in the lungs and flows
  into the blood
• Carbon dioxide has a high pressure in the blood
  and flows out

• In the tissues
• oxygen moves towards the tissues
• carbon dioxide moves to the blood

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Question

• What is pulmonary surfactant?

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Movement of gases

• Oxygen
• Binds to hemoglobin in RBC.
• Hemoglobin gives up oxygen under warm low pH
  conditions.

• Carbon dioxide
• 23 to hemoglobin 70 bicarbonate in blood
• red blood cells convert carbon dioxide to
  bicarbonate

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Blood Transports Gases between the Lungs and the
Cells

• Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate
  ions
• Bicarbonate is made in the red blood cells
• Carbon dioxide and water are converted to
  bicarbonate ions and hydrogen.
• The hydrogen is carried by hemoglobin (no ph
  change)
• Bicarbonate circulates in the blood stream and
  removes excess acids.

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Relative gas concentrations, be able to figure
out where the gas will go
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Control of respiration

• The body tries to equilibrate blood and air flow.
• Airflow can be increased by dilating bronchiole
  tubes.
• Increased oxygen causes blood vessels to dilate.

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Regulation of Breathing
Figure 10.13
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Regulation of Breathing Nervous System
Involvement

• Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
  establishes basic breathing pattern
• Chemical receptors monitor carbon dioxide,
  hydrogen ions, and oxygen levels
• Medulla sensitive to hydrogen ions in
  cerebrospinal fluid resulting from carbon dioxide
  in blood

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Regulation of Breathing Nervous System
Involvement

• Carotid and aortic bodies sensitive to carbon
  dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels
• Conscious control resides in higher brain
  centers ability to modify breath

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Unusual places to breath

• When moving from high to low pressures, gases can
  escape into the blood, decompression sickness.
• Hypoxia is due to low oxygen pressure at high
  elevations.
• Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin better than
  oxygen.

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Disorders of Respiratory System

• Reduced air flow asthma, emphysema, bronchitis
• Infections pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism
• Lung cancer
• Congestive heart failure
• Cystic fibrosis