Protocol Suites

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Protocol Suites

• Lecture 1

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Protocol

• An agreed-upon format for transmitting data
  between two devices.

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Communication b/w Nodes

• Requires sending and receiving devices
• Both devices must be configured for the same
  protocol or there must be a gateway to translate
  between the protocols

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Network Communication - How

• Sending Device (Source)
• File/message is separated into smaller parts
  segments/packets/frames
• Encapsulation - Headers including source and
  destination addresses logical and physical
  added to front of each part of the message as it
  moves through the OSI layers trailers sometimes
  added depending on the layer
• Encapsulated data is sent through the source NIC
  via the media to destination NIC.

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Network Communication - How

• Receiving Device (Destination)
• Bits input through destination NIC
• Headers and trailers are stripped from the data
• Packets are reassembled into file/message (data).
• Data is passed to the specific application

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Communication
Message to send to Workstation B
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Protocol Suite

• Groupings of protocols
• Examples
• TCP/IP
• IPX/SPX
• Appletalk

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Protocol Categories

• Application Protocols
• Facilitate client functions
• Map to the top three layers of OSI
• Transport Protocols
• Facilitate communication between nodes
• Maps to Layer 4
• Network Protocols
• Facilitates addressing for communication between
  nodes
• Maps to Layer 3

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Suites

• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
  Protocol
• Most popular
• Available for all platforms and OS
• Open source (non-proprietary)
• Routable
• IPX/SPX Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced
  Packet Exchange
• Proprietary Novell
• Routable
• AppleTalk
• Proprietary Macintosh
• Routable
• NetBEUI Net Bios Extended User Interface
• Non-routable
• Good for a simple LAN or peer to peer network

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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• FTP File Transfer Protocol (AP)
• Transferring files (downloading/uploading)
• TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (AP)
• Transferring files very quickly (no error
  checking uses UDP)
• SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (AP)
• Monitoring network resources
• SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol (AP)
• Sending mail from a mail server
• Telnet Telecommunication Network (AP)
• Processing using a remote server
• Terminal emulation
• TCP Transmission Control Protocol (TP)
• Connection-oriented
• Responsible for reliable end (node) to end (node)
  connectivity
• Provides error detection and handling
• UDP User Datagram Protocol (TP)
• Connectionless
• Fast
• No error checking

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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• IP Internet Protocol (NP)
• Connectionless (depends on TCP for reliability)
• Logical addressing and best path selection
• ARP Address Resolution Protocol (NP)
• Source node knows IP address of destination node
  needs MAC address. Sends broadcast on network.
  Node with matching IP responds with its MAC
  address.
• ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (NP)
• Provides information regarding errors
• PING makes use of ICMP to test connectivity
• TRACERT
• DNS Domain Name Service (NP)
• Translates named nodes to their IP addresses
• Example Dilleelt is my computers name IP
  address is 10.19.9.16
• RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (NP)
• Source node knows destination MAC address needs
  IP address. Sends request.

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TCP/IP Suite Mapped to OSI Layers
FTP
Telnet
SMTP
DNS
TFTP
SNMP
HTTP
TCP
UDP
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IP Addressing
Unique address

• IP address for each node must be unique
• Four bytes (bytes called octets)
• 10.9.19.3 might be a node address
• 10.0.0.0 would be the network address
• The first 10 in 10.9.19.3 corresponds to the
  network in this example.
• Subnet mask identifies which part of the IP
  address refers to the network address and which
  part to the node.
• 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 (binary
  subnet mask)
• 255.0.0.0 would be the subnet mask

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IP Address Classes

• Businesses are assigned network IP addresses by
  IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority -
  depending on the size of the business.
• Class A very large businesses such as the US
  government
• Class B large businesses
• Class C medium sized businesses

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IP Class Addresses S/N Masks

• The first number of the network address
  identifies the network class
• Class A 1 126
• S/N mask 255.0.0.0
• Class B 128 191
• S/N mask 255.255.0.0
• Class C 192 223
• S/N mask 255.255.255.0