Heredity and Environment

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Part I
Chapter Two

• Heredity and Environment

What Theories Do Grand Theories Emergent
Theories What Theories Contribute
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What Theories Do

• developmental theories
• a systematic statement of principles and
  generalizations that provides a coherent
  framework for understanding how and why people
  change as they grow older
• lead to pivotal hypotheses
• generate discover
• offer practical guidance

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What Theories Do

• GrandTheories
• describe universal processes and development
  throughout the entire life span
• offers a framework for interpreting and
  understandingchange and development of all
  individuals
• some are emergent theories new systematic and
  comprehensive theories of the future

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Grand Theories

• Psychoanalytic
• Behaviorism (learning theory)
• Cognitive

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Holds that irrational, unconscious drives and
  motives, often originating in childhood,
  underlies human behavior

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freud 1856-1936
• development in the first six years has
• three stages, each characterized by sexual
  pleasure
• infancy the mouth the oral stage
• early childhood the anus the anal stage
• preschool years the penis the phallic stage

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Erikson 1902-1994
• Eight developmental stages
• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Integrity vs. Despair

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Behaviorism Theory

• Watson 1878 1958
• emphasis on actions
• Examine what can be seen and
• measured
• all behavior is learned
• specific laws of learning apply
• to conditioning

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Behaviorism Theory

• Law of Behavior - Learning Theories
• all behavior is learned step by step
• Conditioning
• Classical conditioning - respondent conditioning
• Operant conditioning - instrumental conditioning
• Reinforcement

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Behaviorism Theory

• Social Learning Theory
• emphasizes the influence that other people have
  over a persons behavior
• Modeling
• The process by which a person observes the
  actions of others and then copies them

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Cognitive Theory

• The third grand theory
• emphasized the structure and development of
  thought
• processes

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Cognitive Theory

• Jean Piagets 4 Stages
• sensorimotor
• preoperational
• concrete operational
• formal operational

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Cognitive Theory

• Cognitive equilibriumstate of mental balance.
• Assimilation incorporate new events into
  existing schemas
• Accommodation change schema

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Emergent Theories
multicultural and multidisciplinary , developed
not only by men of European ancestry but also by
many non-Western, non-White, and female
scientists
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Sociocultural Theory

• an emergent theory that holds that development
  results from the dynamic interaction between each
  person and the surrounding social and
• cultural forces
• Lev Vygotsky

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Sociocultural Theory

• Cultural Variation
• adult responses are shaped by culture
• society provides not only customs but also the
  tools and theories
• Guided Participation
• a technique in which skilled mentors help novices
  lean not only by providing instruction, but also
  by allowing direct, shared involvement in the
  activity

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Sociocultural Theory

• Zone of proximal development
• skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner
  is close to acquiring but cannot master without
  help

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Zone of proximal development
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Epigenetic Theory

• Considers both the genetic origins of behavior
  (within each person and within each species) and
  the direct, systematic influences that
  environmental forces have over time on genes

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Genetic Adaptation

• Selective Adaptation
• the process by which humans and other organisms
  gradually adjust to their environment
• genes for the traits that are most useful will
  become more frequent, thus making survival of
  species more likely.

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What Theories Contribute

• Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of the
  importance of early childhood experiences.
• Behaviorism has shown effect of the immediate
  environment on learning.
• Cognitive theory shows how intellectual process
  and thinking affect actions.
• Sociocultural theory has reminded us of the
  importance of culture in learning.
• Epigenetic theory reminds us of the power of
  genes and their interaction with the environment.

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The Nature-Nurture Controversy

• Nature
• The genes that people inherit
• Nurture
• To all the environmental influences

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The Nature-Nurture Controversy

• Nature and Nurture Always interact
• Heredity vs. Environment
• How much of any characteristic,
• behavior, or pattern of development is
• the result of genes and how much is
• the result of experience?

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Theoretical Perspectives on

• Hyperactivity
• Nature
• They are usually boys who have male relatives
  with the same problem
• They are overactive in every context, home as
  well as school
• They are often calmed by stimulants, such as
  Ritalin, Adderall, and even coffee
• Nurture
• The rapid increase in ADHA (from 1 to 5 percent
  of all U.S. children within the past 50 years)
  cannot be genetic, since selective adaptation
  takes centuries
• Many environmental factors correlate with ADHD,
  including crowded homes, television, lead, food
  additives, and rigid teaching

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Theoretical Perspectives on

• Homosexuality
• Nature vs. Nurture
• Children raised by homosexual couples (either
  adopted or the biological offspring of one of the
  parents) become heterosexual or homosexual in
  about the same proportions as children raised by
  heterosexual and do not seem particularly
  rebellious or emotionally disturbed.

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