Psycholgia poznawcza

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Cognitive Psychology

• Cognition
• Psychology of the Cognitive Processes
• Experimental Epistemology

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• HOW is information (knowledge) acquired,
  transformed, stored and used?

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WHAT FOR?

• Curiosity
• Improving normal functioning
• Therapy of cognitive dysfunctions
• Constructing artificial intelligent systems

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The birth of cognitive psychology
American

• Changing view of science
• Karl Popper observation is not as objective as
  it seems, it is theory driven
• Thomas Kuhn which theories are accepted depends
  on which paradigm is accepted in a given moment
  changes of paradigms (scientific revolutions)
  depend on scientific, but also on social factors
• Division science/nonscience is not as clear cut
  as it seems

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• Crisis of behaviorism
• Disappointment with methods of behaviorism in the
  study of higher cognitive processes (language,
  cognitive development, complex problem solving),
  and even simpler ones (Tolman, 1932).
• Developments in linguistics
• Noam Chomsky critique of Skinners Verbal
  Behavior
• Syntactic structures description of language
  based on rules represented in the mind
• Neuroanatomy
• Brain structures responsible for specific
  cognitive abilities functional structure of the
  brain

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• Emergence of communication theory
• Shannon information theory (coding
  transmitting decoding information capacity)
• Computer science
• Thinking machines (Newell Simon General
  Problem Solver, 1955) model for human thinking?

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1956 (11 September), MIT

• The birth of contemporary cognitive psychology
  information processing paradigm (computer
  metaphor)
• 1967 Urlic Neisser Cognitive Psychology
• The basic reason for studying cognitive
  processes has become as clear as the reason for
  studying anything else because they are
  there. Neisser
• In 10 years most of the psychological theories
  will have the form of a computer
  program. Simon57

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Information Processing Paradigm

• Cognitive system is an atonomous, information
  processing system
• Information is in the form of symbols
• Processing is sequential, stages of processing
  can be distinguished
• The hardware is not important cognition can be
  realised in various systems
• Cognitie system is a general symbol processor

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Cognitive Psychology in Europe

• European behaviorism?
• Forerunners of contemporary cognitive psychology
• Wilhelm Wundt elements of conscious experience
• Gestalt Psychology
• From Phenomenology. Laws of organization of
  internal representations.
• Jean Piaget
• Explaining cognitive development by referring to
  abstract mental structures
• Sir Frederick Bartlett research on memory

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Alternative approaches in cognitive psychology

• Ecological Psychology James Gibson
• No information processing
• No internal representations
• Neural networks (dynamical systems)
• Information processing is parallel and
  distributed
• Social factors in cognition
• Embodied cognition
• Cognition arises from bodily interactions with
  the world
• Cognitive system is not an all-purpose device

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Podejscia alternatywne

• Psychologia ekologiczna (GIBSON)
• Brak przetwarzania informacji
• Sieci neuropodobne (uklady dynamiczne)
• Równolegle, rozproszone przetwarzanie informacji
• Rola spolecznego uczenia sie

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Neisser, 1994

• Direct perception action (navigation in the
  environment)
• Social perception, interpersonal sensitivity,
  intentionality in others
• Representation/recognition
• May have different neural basis and learning
  mechanisms. They cooperate -gt higher cognitive
  processes

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Connections to other areas

• Neurophysiology Cognitive Psychology
  Cognitive Neuropsychology (Cognitive
  Neuroscience)
• Brain imaging studying consequences of brain
  damage modelling
• AI (models for solutions)
• Linguistics and Anthropology (language and
  cognition cross-culture differncs in cognition)

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