Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching

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Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching
Integrating Instructional Software into Teaching
Learning
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INSTRUCTIONAL SOFTWARE
Programs developed for the sole purpose of
delivering instruction or supporting learning
activities
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Instructional Software Classifications

• Drill Practice
• Tutorial
• Simulation
• Instructional Games
• Problem-Solving
• ILS Combination of Above

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DRILL AND PRACTICE

• Allow learners to work problems or answer
  questions and get feedback on correctness.
• Drill and Practice activities have frequently
  been shown to allow the effective rehearsal
  students need to transfer newly learned
  information into long term memory. (Merrill
  Salisbury, 1984 Salisbury, 1990)
• .

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Drill and Practice (continued)
Kahn (1998-1999) cites drill and practice as a
worthwhile software substitute for paper
worksheets. According to Gagne (1982) and Bloom
(1986) students need to develop automaticity or
automatic recall of lower order skills to help
them master higher order ones faster and more
easily. Many teachers believe this can be
achieved by the use of drill and practice
software.
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DRILL AND PRACTICE
Three criteria for well-designed programs

• Control over presentation
• Appropriate feedback
• Answer reinforcement

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DRILL AND PRACTICE
Three benefits compared to paper exercises

• Immediate feedback
• Motivational
• Saves teacher time

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DRILL AND PRACTICE
Two classroom applications

• To supplement or replace worksheets
• To assist in preparing for objective tests

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DRILL AND PRACTICE
Some guidelines for using drill practice

• Set time limits
• Assign individually
• Use learning stations

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TUTORIALS

• Act like human tutors by providing all the
  information and instructional activities a
  learner needs to master a topic
• Information summaries
• Explanations
• Practice routines
• Feedback
• Assessment

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TUTORIALS
Four criteria for well-designed programs

• Extensive interaction
• Through user control
• Appropriate comprehensive sequencing
• Adequate answer-judging feedback

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TUTORIALS
Three ways to use tutorials

• Self-paced reviews
• Alternative learning strategies
• When teachers are not available

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SIMULATIONS
A simulation is a computerized model of a real or
imagined system designed to teach how a system
works. Unlike tutorials and drill and practice
activities in which the structure is built into
the package, learners must create their own
sequence for using simulations.
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SIMULATIONS
Four types of simulations

• Physical (Users manipulate objects or phenomena
  represented on the screen)
• Iterative (Speed up or slow down processes)
• Procedural (Teach the appropriate sequence of
  steps to perform certain procedures)
• Situational (These programs give students
  hypothetical problem situations and ask them to
  react.)

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SIMULATIONS
Benefits of using simulations

• Compress time
• Slow down processes
• Get students involved
• Make experimentation safe

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SIMULATIONS
Additional benefits of using simulations

• Make the impossible possible
• Save resources
• Repeat with variations
• Make situations controllable

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SIMULATIONS
Ways to use simulations

• Lab experiments
• Replacement or supplement to role playing
• Replacement or supplement to field trips
• Introducing a new topic
• Fostering exploration
• Encouraging cooperation group work

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INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Instructional games are courseware designed to
increase motivation by adding game rules to
learning activities
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INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Game Characteristics

• Game rules
• Elements of competition challenge
• Amusing or entertaining formats

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INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Three ways to use games

• In place of worksheets and exercises
• To foster cooperation and group work
• As a reward

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PROBLEM SOLVING
Two views on fostering problem solving

• As component skills that can be taught (Teach
  directly through explanation and/or practice the
  steps involved in solving problems)
• Inquiry approach (Help learners acquire
  problem-solving skills by giving them
  opportunities to solve problems)

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PROBLEM SOLVING
Two types of courseware

• Specific to content area
• General content-free skills

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PROBLEM SOLVING
Benefits of using problem solving

• Motivates students to solve problems
• Keeps knowledge from becoming inert

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Lecture 4
Teaching and Learning with Productivity Tools