Hairston

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Hairston Kearns 2002 Integ Comp Biol
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ONONDAGA LAKEthe most polluted lake in the
nation
A look at the whole ecosystem- abiotic,
organisms, and biotic interactions
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Lake Onondagas Pollution History

• Eutrophication
• Salt (CaCl)
• Mercury

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Eutrophication

• N and P pollution
• Raw domestic sewage was dumped directly into the
  Onondaga
• until 1925

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Solvay Process company produced soda ash at its
plant starting in the late 1800
Limestone is reacted with salt to produce soda
ash using ammonia, carbon dioxide, and
water. efficient, cheap and the byproducts are
recycled million of gallons of water used daily
to cool the plant
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• Excess calcium chloride was released into the
  Lake.
• Over 500 tons of salts were dumped into the Lake.

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• Storage beds rose as high as 70 ft and covered 40
  acres.
• On Thanksgiving day 1943, the dike holding back
  the waste beds broke, releasing a salty flood
• The Department of Environmental Conservation
  estimates that 2 million pounds of salty water
  entered the Lake

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Mercury pollution plagues Onondaga Lake But
Where does it come from?

• 7 million cubic yards of the lake-bottom
  sediments contain mercury at concentrations
  exceeding 1.0 ppm, upper layers contain
  concentrations of 40 ppm (1987)
• the mercury levels in fish exceeded 0.5 ppm-
  Fishing banned (1987)

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• Chlor-Alkali Process of the Allied Chemical
  Company produced chlorine and sodium hydroxide
  using a mercury pool
• 11 pounds of mercury entered the Lake each day.
  
• In 1977, reduce mercury output to 0.45 ounces per
  day to meet the EPA standards.
• The plant closed in 1988 but recent studies have
  indicated that mercury is still flowing into the
  Lake.

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The Clean-up of Lake Onondaga
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Allied-Signal Chemical Co.
shuts down
Effler 1996
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Auer et al. 1990
Auer et al. 1990
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Daphnia dormant eggs in the surface film of
Onondaga Lake 1998
Photo by B. Wagner
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Hairston et al 2005 Ecology
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Hairston et al 2005 Ecology
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Annual Soda Ash Production
Mercury Load
Daphnia pulicaria
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1990
Allied-Signal Shuts Down 1986
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1980
Where did the Daphnia come from after periods
of absence? 1. The egg bank. 2.
Dispersal from another lake.
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1970
30
1960
Prolonged Strike at Allied 1950
1950
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Sediment Depth (cm)
1940
50
Mercury Pollution begins Salt Pollution
increases 1930s
1930
1920
1910
Solvay Process Plant Starts Operation 1884
0 25 50 75 100
0 5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8
Eggs/m2 x 103
Kg/day
Metric Tons x 106
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Presence and Absence of Daphnia in Onondaga Lake
Over the Past Century
Daphnia pulicaria
Annual Soda Ash Production
Mercury Load
Water column
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1990
Allied-Signal Shuts Down 1986
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1980
Test by using molecular genetic marker
(Mitochondrial Control Region) on eggs from
1. Each sediment depth
AND
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1970
30
1960
Prolonged Strike at Allied 1950
1950
40
Sediment Depth (cm)
1940
50
Mercury Pollution begins Salt Pollution
increases 1930s
1930
1920
1910
Solvay Process Plant Starts Operation 1884
0 25 50 75 100
0 5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8
Eggs/m2 x 103
Kg/day
Metric Tons x 106
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Maximum Parsimony Tree Mitochondrial Control
Region
Onondaga Lake Water column 2001 n17
Onondaga Lake Egg bank 1999 n32
Onondaga Lake Egg bank 1950 n7
Onondaga Lake Egg bank 1925 (A) n6
Long Lake n1
Minor Lake n1
Cazanovia Lake (B) n3
Eaton Reservoir (B) n3
Oneida Lake n19
Eaton Reservoir (C) n5
Cornell Exp. Ponds n7
Cazanovia Lake (A) n5
Eaton Reservoir (A) n7
Onondaga Lake Egg bank 1925 (B) n7
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Hairston et al 2005 Ecology
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Hairston et al 1999 LO
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Distribution of Daphnia exilis
Natural range
Hebert Finston 1993
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Hairston et al. 2005 Ecology