Nonverbal Communication

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Understanding Human Communication

• Nonverbal Communication

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"I am happy because my son is finally free, in
this country, but at the same time I am suffering
because other political prisoners are in jail
because they express freely their ideas."
-Ishmael Sambra, whose son was imprisoned for
five years for expressing his political beliefs.
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• Upward of 60 of meaning in any social situation
  is communicated nonverbally (Burgoon Bacue,
  2003)
• Others believe 93 of meaning is communicated
  nonverbally

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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

• Nonverbal communication exists
• Nonverbal behavior has communicative value

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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

• Nonverbal communication is primarily relational
  (social functions)
• Identity management
• Define relationships
• Convey emotions that we may be unwilling to
  express

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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

• Nonverbal communication is ambiguous
• Superior Customer Service
• Decoding ability increases with age and training
• Women are more accurate at interpreting nonverbal
  signals

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Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

• Much Nonverbal Communication is Culture-bound

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Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication

• Single vs. Multiple Channels
• Discrete vs. Continuous
• Conscious vs. Unconscious

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Functions of Nonverbal Communication

• Repeating
• Substituting
• Complementing
• Accenting
• Regulating
• Contradicting

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Types of Nonverbal Communication

• Posture and Gesture (Kinesics)
• Face and Eyes
• Voice (Paralanguage)
• Touch (Haptics)
• Physical Attractiveness
• Clothing
• Distance (Proxemics)
• Time (Chronemics)
• Territoriality
• Environment

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Kinesics

• Career Counselors use posture echoes
• Rapists use postural clues to select victims
• Detecting status based on posture
• Manipulators

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Face and Eyes

• Eye Contact - Gaze
• Reveals Range of Emotions
• Monitor Effect of Communication
• U.S. Speakers Maintain 38-41
• U.S. Listeners Maintain 62-75
• More with Comfortable Topics

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Face and Eyes

• Smiling cocktail waitresses earn larger tips
• Pupils grow larger in proportion to degree of
  interest
• Arab merchant noticed pupil of customer
• Facial expressions are hard to read because of
  speed which they change and the many different
  emotions displayed

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Paralanguage

• Voice can reinforce, contradict, or shape
  perception
• Listeners pay more attention to vocal messages
  than words being spoken
• Communicators are most likely to comply with
  requests delivered by speakers whose rate is
  similar to their own
• Those who speak loudly without hesitation are
  viewed as more confident

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Haptics

• Increases childs mental functioning and physical
  health
• 70 who were touch complied, 40 of untouched
  complied (dime study)
• Larger tips alcohol consumption for waiters and
  waitresses

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Physical Attractiveness

• Posture, gestures, facial expressions and other
  behaviors increase attractiveness
• Women who are perceived as attractive have more
  dates, higher grades in college, persuade males
  with greater ease, receive lighter court
  sentences
• Shorter men have more difficulty finding jobs
• Men over 62 receive salaries at 12.4 higher
• Children as young as 3 agree on attraction
• Attractive students are seen as more intelligent,
  friendly, and popular

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Self Presentation

• Body Type
• Endomorph
• Mesomorph
• Ectomorph

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Clothing and Personal Grooming
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Clothing and Personal Grooming

• Uniforms influence pedestrians to pick up litter
• 83 of pedestrians followed jay-walker dressed in
  higher-status clothing
• 48 of pedestrians followed jay-walker dressed in
  lower-status clothing
• Women wearing a suit and jacket are rated more
  powerful

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Distance

• Intimate Distance - 0 to 18
• Personal Distance - 18 to 4
• Social Distance - 4 to 12
• Public Distance - 12

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Chronemics

• American teacher discovered cultural differences
  in time when teaching at college in Brazil

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Territory

• Grant people with higher status more personal
  territory

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Environment

• Researchers showed 99 students slides of the
  interior of 12 upper-middle-class homes
• Professors with well-decorated offices were more
  credible
• Removing a doctors desk makes patients feel
  almost 5 times more at ease
• Arrangement of desks in a classroom

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Cultural Variations

• In Japan, people gaze at Adams apple and avoid
  direct eye contact.
• Chinese, Indonesians, and rural Mexicans lower
  eyes as sign of good manners.
• Arabs look intently into the persons eyes
• OK sign is a vulgar gesture in Germany and Brazil
• People from the Middle East stand much closer

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Gender Variations

• Women have more frequent
• eye contact
• Women tend to smile more
• Women keep their arms close
• to their body
• Not only do men and women use nonverbal behaviors
  in different ways, but they differ in how they
  interpret the nonverbal communication behaviors
  of others.