Investigating nuclear threat

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Investigating nuclear threat

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Bellona Foundation

• Founded in 1986
• Work areas
• Climate and energy
• Norwegian environmental issues and polices
• Russian environmental issues
• Offices in Oslo, Murmansk, St Petersburg,
  Brussels, Washington D.C.

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Russian nuclear issues

• Nuclear weapons industry
• Reprocessing
• Nuclear power plants
• Uranium mining and enrichment
• Nuclear submarines, icebreakers, surface vessels
• Research reactors

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Russian nuclear issues
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Russias nuclear map
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Nuclear legacy

• Reactor grade plutonium 30 tonnes
• Weapons grade plutonium 100 tonnes
• Highly enriched uranium 1200 tonnes
• Spent nuclear fuel 20000 tonnes
• Solid waste 177m tonnes
• Liquid waste 500m cubic meters

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Nuclear submarines

• Around 250 built (1955-2008)
• More than 200 taken out of service
• Around 120 submarines dismantled

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Navy bases, ship yards, spent nuclear fuel,
radioactive waste storage sites in Murmansk region
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Andreyeva Bay overview

• Spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste storage
  facility on Kola
• The most problematic nuclear waste site on the
  Kola Peninsula
• Over 21,000 spent nuclear fuel rods

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Containers with spent nuclear fuel assemblies

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Solid radioactive waste storage conditions at the
site
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Spent nuclear fuel storage tanks
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Fuel storage tank 2B
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Inside fuel storage tank
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Mayak site

• Nuclear weapons centre
• Reprocessing
• Hundreds of tonnes of radwaste
• Release into water systems

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Mayak site

• Disposal of radioactive products into River Techa
• Explosion in 1957
• Distribution of radioactivity from Lake Karachai

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Bellonas work in Russia
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The Nikitin case - 1996
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The Nikitin case
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The Nikitin case - 2000
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Kursk accident - 2000
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The Pasko case 1997-2003
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K-159 - 2003
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Nuclear remediation funding
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Future challenges

• Lack of openness
• Lack of effective management
• Lack of funds
• Weak NGO society