Multifunctional Land Use Planning

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Multifunctional Land Use Planning Forest
Landscape Restoration Multifunctional Forest
Design
by Dr. Markus Weidenbach landConsult.de
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Case Study The Romanian Bulgarian Cross Border
Region Dobrogea / Dobrudja
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• The Romanian side with
• land degradation problems
• 5 forests in 2000
• 10 forests in 2025
• Afforestation activities
• 1984 24 000 ha
• 1989 34 500 ha
• 2004 39 270 ha
• 2005 40 470 ha

• The Bulgarian side with
• the Shelterbelt System
• 15 forests
• 10 000 ha Shelterbelts

BULGARIA
ROMANIA
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Deforested Areas in Russia (source Greenpeace
Russia 2005)
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Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)
Source Veltheim Pajari 2005, European Forest
Institute
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The Sustainability Triangle (source J. Bo Larsen
2005)
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Landscape Segregation and Integration (source
J.Bo Larsen 2005)
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Multifunctional Landuse Planning
The Planning Hierarchy and Process
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Planning Hierarchy
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Planning Hierarchy
The relationship of landscape planning to spatial
comprehensive planning
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Process in Germany
investigate mediate
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Public Acceptance The acceptance of the
citizens on how we manage natural resources has
become an essential factor for a successful and
sustainable land use planning. Therefore it is
good to know how people perceive landscape
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"The Holy Cathedral of the German Forests"
(Salisch 1902)
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Beech Forests may resemble Gothic Churches
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Do you think this construction has a negative
effect on the scenery?
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The results of the public survey at the
University Munich (1996) also confirm that
received information is an important factor,
which influences the aesthetic feelings of
landscape observers.
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Visual Force Theory
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Visual Force Theory
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Visual Force Theory
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• Concluding from the above mentioned points it is
  vital that we describe landscape as a whole
  (holistic planning approach).
• we have to collect and reproduce all kind of
  natural stimuli
• we have to present the landscape as realistic as
  possible
• we have to inform the people on what they see
  and
• we should be able to illustrate spatial problems
  in a flexible way in a small or large scale.

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Multifunctional Landuse Planning
Landscape Inventory Collecting and Mapping Data
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Multifunctional Landuse Planning
Landscape Analysis Interpretation of the
Inventory
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Multifunctional Landuse Planning
Landscape Design Concept Landscape Management
Plan and Development of Landscape Prototypes
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From Sketch ....
Present Situation of an agricultural desert
Ideal Landscape as a leading image to re-design
the landscape
to GIS Real World ....
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... to Sketch.
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Alpirsbach im Schwarzwald in 1830
Alpirsbach im Schwarzwald in 2000
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Case Study of the Nature Park Upper Danube Valley
in South Germany   Landscape Amenity
Assessment http//landconsult.de/markus/foram/rep
ort96/concept.htm   Development of Prototypical
Landscape "Images" (Best Case Scenarios) http//l
andconsult.de/markus/foram/report96/prototyp.htm
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Multifunctional Land Use Planning
Multifunctional Forest Design
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Principles of Modern Forestry

• Objectives
• The major objectives of modern forest management
  are
• to conserve forests for their economic value and
  their environmental significance - the latter
  having a bearing especially on the long term
  productive efficiency of the ecosystem, on the
  climate, on water resources, on the filtration of
  the atmosphere, on soil fertility, on scenic
  aspects, on agri- and infrastructure as well as
  on recreation for the general public
• where required forests are to be expanded
• their proper management has to be ensured in a
  sustainable way
• to advance the forestry sector and
• to strike a balance between the interests of
  society and the vested interests of forest
  owners.

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Forestry Based on Natural ConditionsThe main
task of sustainable forest management is the
regeneration of forests adapted to their site and
the tending of the forests. Whether a forest
will survive during the next 100 to 250 years in
good health depends above all on the choice of
the right tree species. To make decisions easier,
a soil ecological site mapping has to be carried
out. Where possible old stands are naturally
regenerated. The natural regeneration of the
forests demands great silvicultural skill and
patience.
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The preconditions for success are

• old trees which bear enough seed
• a favourable seedbed which enables the seeds to
  germinate
• the right light conditions for the growth of the
  young trees and
• a low game density which is adapted to the
  natural carrying capacity.

Areas which are unsuitable for natural
reforestation or on which the desired
regeneration does not develop, have to be
replanted with young trees grown in the forest
nurseries. The percentage of natural regeneration
shall be continuously increased.
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• Tending the ForestSilvicultural management based
  on natural conditions results in natural
  structures which will be visually perceived as
  harmony and beauty.
• Tending the forests is essential for the growth
  of a stable, healthy and efficient forest which
  can withstand the dangers of snow, storms and
  insects.
• Strong trees with long crowns are more stable
  and more resistant to stress than weak,
  short-crowned trees.
• Therefore it is important to tend the stand
  early and frequently.
• The publicity frequently judges silvicultural
  achievements by its visual appearance or its
  aesthetical value.
• In order to convince the publicity of the
  necessity of forests we have to design attractive
  scenic woodlands, which fit to the ground and the
  environment.

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Multi Functional Forest Management
Nowadays the needs and requirements concerning
the forests have changed. The provision with
wood is still an important economic aspect, but
in a growing society the protection of natural
resources and the recreation in forested areas
have become an important issue.
Production Protection Recreation
Function
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• Production Function
• Production Function includes the economic aspects
  of forests.
• These are
•  Provision of wood (fuel wood and timber) which
  is a renewable, and carbon fixing raw material.
•  Forests are the basis of raw material for local
  timber and pulp and paper industries.
•  Forests are "producing" herbs, fruits, mushrooms
  and game
•  Forests are an income resource for many private
  or municipal forest owners
•  Forests are a place of work for many people in
  rural areas
•  Forests provide the fodder for cows, pigs and
  coats (and bees).

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• Protection Function
• Forests fulfil several other functions for
  humans and their environment
•  Regulation and regeneration of fresh water
  resources
•  Protection of fertile soils and steep sites from
  erosion
•  Protection from snow avalanches and rock debris
•  Balance effect on our climate
•  Filtration and purification of polluted air
•  Reduction of the green house effect by long-term
  fixing of CO2 by wood
•  Protection from noise
•  Protection of habitats for flora and fauna
•  Positive impact on natural scenery

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Recreation Function Forests are part of Europe's
culture
Forests are a silent place for recreation and an
attractive area for outdoor activities. In
general forests are accessible for the public.
Only in areas with a high ecological value
restrictions of this common right are required.
Furthermore our forests are a cultural
possession. They are often associated with the
term "homeland" ("Heimat" in German). Woods and
trees play an important role in old fairy tales,
literature, poetry, music and art.
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Design Guidelines for Wooded Landscapes
The guidelines pursue three major
objectives 1. Design of the interior of
forests 2. Design of Forest Mantles and exposed
sites 3. Design of exterior areas
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Any kind of forest management results in a
different visual and ecological impact on the
environment. The different silvicultural
systems are influencing biodiversity and forest
amenity.
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Design of the Forest Interior
Flash Animation with Forest Types http//landcons
ult.de/ markus/flashdemo/forests.html
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1 Clear cut
Primarily for unstable spruce stands which don't
fit to site and climate. According to the forest
law of Baden-Wuerttemberg (Southwest-Germany) it
is prohibited to clear cut more than 4 hectares
for clearcut over 2 hectars an environmental
impact assessment is mandatory.
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2. Seed tree method by Compartment
Most important method for regeneration of beech
(fagus sylvatica) and oak stands (quercus robur,
quercus petrea). Selective cutting opens the
stand by interrupting the leaf canopy
(Schirmschlag).
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3 Strip selection cutting
Primarily for mixed spruce stands. This method
favours the intolerant trees (light demander like
spruce (picea abies) and scotch pine (pinus
sylvestris) ("Saumschlag").
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4 Group selection cutting
Creates optimal light conditions for shade trees
and intolerant trees in mixed stands
("Femelschlag").
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5 Regeneration under selection system
Traditional forest management for private owned
forests in South-Germany, Austria and Switzerland
(so called "Plenterwald"). Favours shade trees in
mixed fir/beech/spruce-stands (abies alba/ fagus
sylvatica/ picea abies).
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Design of Forest Mantles and exposed sites

• Types of forest mantles
• Steep edge of beech and spruce stands in
  geometrical forms spoil the scenery, have less
  habitat quality and endanger the stand stability.
• Optimally designed forest mantles (25 to 45
  metres wide) consist of different tree species,
  zones of bushes and herbaceous vegetation.
• The structure of the mantle grants stable stands
  and good habitat conditions.
• Unfortunately those design concepts often fail
  due to economic interests of the land owners.

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The Picea Abies Wall
Ecology 0 Scenery 0
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A well structured Forest Mantle !
Ecology max Scenery nice
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Design of exterior areas

• Exterior areas concern the afforestation of
  open land and the management of marginal soils.
• The suitability of land for afforestations has
  to consider following facts
• the existing forest percentage
• the scenery
• climatic and
• ecological conditions

Main objective is the approval of afforestations
on sites which don't reduce the natural capacity
of the environment
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