Organic Chemistry Unit

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OrganicChemistryUnit
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What is Organic Chemistry?

• The study of
• carbon-containing
• compounds
• made up of
• non-metal elements
• (covalent bonds)

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Organic Compound?Yes or No

• Na2CO3

No

• C2H6

Yes!

• C4H6Br2F2

Yes!
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Why Carbon??

• Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)
• Element
• Compound
• Found in all living matter
• Found in body tissue
• Found in food
• Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)

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Forms of Carbon

• Term Allotrope
• Same element
• Different bonding pattern
• Different arrangement

• Carbon exists in 3 solid forms

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerene

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Diamond

• Tetrahedrally oriented
• Hardest material known
• Most dense form of Carbon
• High melting point
• Conducts heat
• Does not conduct electricity

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Graphite

• Layers of hexagonal plates
• Soft
• Feels greasy
• Crumbles easily
• High melting point
• Conducts electricity

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Fullerene

• Discovered in mid 1980s
• Found in soot
• Spherical cages of carbon
• Most stable is C60
• Resembles geodesic dome
• C60 Buckminsterfullerene
• or
• Buckyball

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Diversity of Organic Chemistry

• Due to uniqueness of Carbon

• Can bond to itself covalently

• Forms chains and rings

• Term Catenation

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Carbon bonds to elements

• Carbon readily bonds to
• H
• O
• N
• S
• Halogens
• Cl, Br, F,I

• Hydrocarbons
• Simplest organic compounds
• Only contain Carbon and Hydrogen
• (CxHy)

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Formulas
Written representations of a compound using
letters (and sometimes numbers)
Molecular Formula

• Indicates
• of atoms
• Types of atoms

Example
C8H18
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Structural Formula

• Indicates
• of atoms
• Type of atoms
• Bonding Arrangement

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• Structural formulas show all bonds in compound

• Condensed structural formulas only show bonds
  between carbon atoms

CH3?CH?CH3 ? CH3
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Arrangement of Atoms

• Compounds that have
• Same molecular formula
• Different structure or arrangement
• Called ISOMERS

• As of carbon atoms goes up
• of isomers goes up
• C8 ? 18 isomers
• C9 ? 35 isomers
• C10 ? 75 isomers
• C40 ?
• 69,491,178,805,831

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Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers same formula but atoms are
bonded in a different order
C4H10
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Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in
space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Dont see this with single bonds!
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We are going to study

• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Aromatics
• Alcohols

• Ethers
• Esters
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Amines