Management

1
Management

• Good Management Practices is ...
• Sustainable
• Profitable
• Environmentally friend
• Acceptable to farmer and communities
• P D C A
• ????????? 4 ?????(???????????????) ??????
  (????? ??????????????????) ?????
  (????????????????) ??????? (?????????????????)

2
Management

• 3 M
• Materials
• Money
• Man
• as objectives or vision or strategic planning
• Plan (data, experience knowledge)
• Do
• Check
• Act

3
Pasture management ?????????????????

• What is pasture management ?
• Pasture land forage for cattle production
• Management doing systems (or components)
  productivity
• Economic concern input - output profit
• Objectives
• High animal production
• Sustainability of the resources system

4
CO2 N2
Solar energy
Atmosphere
Animal
Plant / Forages
Animal product
Land / soil
Water
Minerals
5
Animal production

• animal production / area animal production/
  head X no. of animal
• animal production / head eg . milk/head/lactation,
  live weight gain /head/day etc. depends on
• genetics or breed
• animal husbandary and hygine
• feed of optimum quantity quality
• no. of animal vs carrying capacity

6
Agricultural systems for pasture in SE. Asia

• Paddy areas
• Field crop areas
• Fruit plantations
• Permanent trees eg. rubber, oil plam, coconut
• Idle land or wasteland
• Backyard

7
Land area suitable for pasture

• Typically less productive land will be allocated
  to pasture
• Topography
• Water climatic conditions
• Road or accessibility
• Land use history
• Soil fertility
• Availability of labour
• Market for animal its products

8
Type of pasture and fodder crops

• Grass for permanent grazing pasture ruzi, para
  (mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola
  etc.
• Grass for cut and carry system napier,
  guatemala, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc.
• Natural grasses Paspulum, Axonopus, Panicum
  repens, Chloris, Love grass (Chrysopogon)
• Plant residues rice straw, corn stubble, sugar
  cane, pine apple, legume wines etc.
• Legumes leuacaena, verano stylo, centro,
  desmodium
• Field crops cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean
• Molasses and other industrial by-products

9
Pasture establishment

• planting materials
• vegetative propagation cutting, tillering
• nursery plot 1 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5
  months
• seed propagation
• good seed quality in hand
• land and soil preparation
• season

10
Land preparation

• whole project area
• considered paddock and type of enterprise
• road and accessibility
• waterway and drinking water
• shelter
• right season
• good soil preparation prevent soil erosion

11
Seed sowing

• seed quality
• germination
• purity
• pure live seed (PLS)
• moisture
• seedling vigor
• hardseediness
• seed rate
• sowing methods
• Rhizobium inoculation

12
Sowing and planting

• right season
• moisture
• less weed competition
• uniform distribution of seed
• fertilizer requirement (basal fertilizer)

13
Botanical composition

• Grass
• sown grass
• native or natural grass
• Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf)
• Legumes
• sown legume
• native or natural legume
• live (green) vs dead materials of plant parts
  (leaf, stem, flower head ect. )

14

• How to determine botanical composition ?
• weight, frequency, cover, dominant index
• Why legumes ?
• good quality feed
• improve soil fertility
• 10 - 40 legumes 90 - 60 grasses

15
Efficiency of pasture management

• amount of pasture grown / unit input eg. land,
  money, water, fertilizer ect.
• amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture grown
• amount of animal product / unit of eaten pasture
• 1 X 2 X 3 animal production from pasture