Botany

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Botany
The largest specimen, the General Sherman Tree in
Sequoia National Park, is 84 m (275 ft) tall, has
a diameter of 11.1 m (36.4 ft) at the base, and
was estimated in the early 1990s to weigh about
2,500 metric tons. Other trees range from 46 to
99 m (150 to 325 ft) in height, with diameters up
to 9 m (30 ft). A count of annual rings on stumps
has verified ages as great as 2,300 years. Some
living trees, however, are believed to be close
to 4,000 years old.

• Study of Plants

The largest living organism on Earth!!! Do you
know what kind of tree this is?
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Groups of Plants

• Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular and
  autotrophic. Plant cells have a cell wall made of
  cellulose , a chloroplast for making food and a
  large vacuole for storing water.

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Plant Types

• Non-vascular plants lack vascular tissue. They
  are short and spongy like moss.
• Vascular plants have two types of vascular
  tissue.
• Xylem which moves water. And phloem which moves
  food.

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• Vascular plants reproduce in three ways.
• Seedless vascular plants uses spores. (Ferns)
• Gymnosperms store their seeds in a cone.
• Angiosperms make a flower to attract pollinators.
  The seeds are stored in a fruit.

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Plants

• Vascular Nonvascular

Have tubes (xylem and phloem to carry nutrients
No xylem or phloem
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seedless
Moss
spores
Cones
fruits
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How Plants Meet Their Needs

• Transport Non-vascular plants use diffusion and
  osmosis. Vascular plants use xylem and phloem.
• Respiration Plants, like all living things, use
  cellular respiration to break down sugars for
  energy in the form of ATP.

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How Plants Meet Their Need

• Excretion Vascular plants have small openings
  called stomata. When these pores are open, carbon
  dioxide gas comes in, oxygen gas leaves, and
  water can escape through a process called
  transpiration.
• Synthesis Plants need to make lipids for
  membranes, proteins for enzymes and hormones and
  sugars for their own food.
• Nutrition Plants make their own food and then
  break it down during respiration.

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• Regulation Plants control their growth
  patterns. One way is by using hormones.
• Ethylene controls fruit ripening.
• Cytokinins control cell division. (Often found in
  plant roots.)
• Auxins help a plant bend to grow towards or away
  from a stimulus.

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Tropisms are growth toward or away from a
stimulus.

• Phototropism is growth toward or away from light.
• Gravitropism is growth in response to gravity.
  (Roots grow down.)
• Thigmotropism is growth in response to touch.
  (Ex. Vines wrap around objects)

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• Reproduction Plants need to make more of
  themselves.
• Can be asexual using vegetative propagation. (All
  offspring would be clones.)
• Can be sexual. (Two sources of DNA, sperm and
  egg.)
• Seedless plants use spores and require water for
  fertilization.
• Gymnosperms make pollen in male cones and eggs in
  female cones. The fertilized seed is also stored
  in a cone_.

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• Angiosperms create a flower. The flower has male
  and female parts.
• The male part is called the stamen and includes
  the anther and the filament. The anther is
  where the pollen is made. It is the male gamete.

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• The female part is called the pistil. It contains
  the stigma, the style and the ovary. The ovary is
  where the egg is made. It is the female gamete.

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• The transfer of pollen to the stigma is called
  pollination. Once the sperm fertilizes the egg,
  it develops into a seed. The ovary swells to form
  a fleshy protection called a fruit.

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• Growth and Development The seeds can be
  dispersed using wind, water or animals.

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• Germination development of the new plant from
  the embryo

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Plant Organs and their Adaptations

• Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis.
• Waxy cuticle covering to protect leaf from water
  loss
• Vascular bundle composed of xylem and phloem to
  transport food and water
• Stomata- openings in leaves allowing gas exchange

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Plant Adaptations

• Adaptations include large leaves with more
  surface area for more sunlight absorption and
  spines for protection.
• Stems help with support and transport of
  materials.
• Tubers store food. Succulent stems store water.
• Tendrils are part of vines and runners help with
  vegetative propagation.

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• Roots anchor the plant, but also absorb water.
• Fibrous roots - smaller branching roots which
  increase surface area for quick water absorption.
  
• Tap roots - a large, main root for absorbing
  water and sometimes storing food (carrot)
• Root hairs specialized cells to increase
  surface area for fast water absorption