Punctuation Refresher

1
Punctuation Refresher

• Working with
• Commas
• Colons Semicolons
• Quotation Marks

2
Three Common Uses of Commas

• Commas in Series
• Commas with Introductory Elements
• Commas with Interruptions

Notes
3
Commas in Series

• In a series of three or more items, use a comma
  after every item except the last.
• Bungee jumping has joined the ranks of
  surfboarding, skateboarding and sky surfing as an
  extreme sport.
• Use commas after first, second and so on when
  they introduce a series.
• Participant are asked to follow three simple
  rules first, secure the bungee cord for safety
  second, do not attempt to hold on to anything
  and third, have fun.

Notes
4
Commas in Series Cont.

• Use commas between adjectives of equal rank that
  modify the same noun.
• A young, adventurous man jumped off a 300-foot
  bridge.

Notes
5
Commas with Introductory Elements

• Use a comma after an introductory word or mild
  interjection.
• Oh, bungee jumping is not for the faint-hearted.
• Use a comma after an introductory prepositional
  phrase that contains one or more other
  prepositional phrases.
• At the beginning of the jump, a person feels a
  rush of emotions.

Notes
6
Commas with Introductory Elements Cont.

• Use a comma after an infinitive phrase,
  participial phrase or adverb clause that begins a
  sentences.
• Taking a deep breath, the jumper prepares for the
  dive.

Notes
7
Comma with Interruptions

• Use commas to set off words that interrupt the
  flow of thought in a sentence.
• Bungee jumping, by the way, can be done in
  groups.
• Use commas to set off nouns of direct address.
• David, do you know anyone who has gone bungee
  jumping?

Notes
8
Comma with Interruptions Cont.

• Use commas to set of non-essential appositives.
• Paul, my brother, has gone bungee jumping in
  Australia

Notes
9
Practice with Common Uses of Commas

• Bungee jumping is a must-do activity for people
  visiting in places like France Australia and
  Mexico.
• Although bungee jumping is a recent invention the
  craze has already spread around the world.
• The men it is said leap from towers 50 to 80 feet
  high, attached by just enough vive for their
  heads to barely touch the ground.
• No this ritual is not a make believe story.
• A.J. Hackett a New Zealander brought bungee
  jumping to public attention when he jumped off
  the Eiffel Tower.

10
Additional Uses of Commas

• Commas to Avoid Confusion
• Commas with Quotations
• Commas in Compound Sentences
• Commas with Nonessential Clauses

Notes
11
Commas to Avoid Confusion

• Use a comma whenever readers might misinterpret
  a sentence without it.
• Before the rodeo cowboys competes against one
  another for fun. Unclear
• Before the rodeo, cowboys competes against one
  another for fun. Clear

Notes
12
Commas with Quotations

• Use commas to separate direct quotations from
  explanatory words like he said, Greg replied and
  Sheila asked.
• Mr. Cruz said, The rodeo was born during the era
  of the cattle industry, in the 1860s and
  1870s.
• Cowboys would gather together, Mr. Cruz said,
  and complete against one another .
• Today cowboys compete against each other for
  monetary awards, added Mr. Cruz.

Notes
13
Commas in Compound Sentences

• Use a comma to separate independent clauses
  joined by a conjunction in a compound sentence.
• Rodeos are held in many parts of the United
  States, but they are also popular in Mexico,
  Canada, and Australia.

Notes
14
Commas with Nonessential Clauses

• Use commas to set off nonessential clauses.
• Trick riding and fancy roping, which are
  virtually unknown to rodeo fans today, were
  popular events during the 1920s and 1930s.

Notes
15
Practice with Additional Uses of Commas

• Scottsdale Arizona is home to the Arizona Cowboy
  College.
• The course which takes a week teaches students
  basic cowboy skills.
• Not only do students wake before sunrise and cook
  over campfires but they also learn about cattle
  grazing, branding, and roping.
• Before leaving students gain an understanding of
  the demands of life on a ranch.
• In a recent interview one of Bridewells students
  said This has completely changed my life.

16
Semicolons

• Use a semicolon to join the parts of a compound
  sentence if no coordinating conjunction is used.
• The first recorded Olympics to place in 776 B.C.
  only one event was held that year.
• Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb that
  joins the clauses of a compound sentence.
• The first ancient Olympics featured only
  footraces however, the program changes in the
  18th Olympics.

Notes
17
Semicolons Cont.

• When commas occur within parts of a series, use
  semicolons to separate the parts.
• The first modern Olympics were held in Athens,
  Greece the second in Paris, France and the
  third, in St. Louis, Missouri.

Notes
18
Colons

• Use a colon to introduce a list of items.
• The pentathlon included the following events
  discus throw, long jump, javelin throw, running,
  and wrestling.
• Use a colon between two independent clauses when
  the second explains the first.
• Before the games the athletes had to affirm their
  eligibility to compete they swore a solemn oath
  to Zeus.

Notes
19
Colons Cont.

• Use a colon to introduce a long or formal
  quotation.
• Before athletes were allowed to begin their
  two-day march to Olympia, the judges gave a few
  words of caution If you have practiced hard for
  Olympia and if you have not been lazy or done
  anything dishonorable, then go forward with
  confidence. But if you have not trained
  yourselves this way, then leave us and go where
  you choose.

Notes
20
Practice with Semicolons and Colons

• The pentathlete was the most admires athlete in
  ancient Greece athletes in Athens and Sparta
  began their training at a young age.
• Although the style and grace of an athlete were
  important, winning was more important athletes
  who took first place.
• Historical records show that statues were built
  as a tribute to the winners however, these
  statues were destroyed.
• Lists of Olympic winners were complied by several
  writers Hippias of Elis, the Greek philosopher
  Aristotle, and the Roman historian Sextus Julius
  Africanus.

21
Using Quotation Marks

• Using quotation marks with a continuous quotation
• Using quotation marks with a divided quotation
• Using quotation marks with long quotations
• Using quotation marks with other punctuation
• Using quotation marks in dialogue
• Using quotation marks with around titles

Notes
22
Quotation Marks with a Continuous Quotation

• Use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a
  direct quotation.
• Bill said, My favorite sport is baseball.
• Use single quotation marks around a quotation
  within a quotation.
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt once said,
  Major league baseball has done as much as
  anything in this country to keep up the spirit of
  the people, stated Mr. Pennebaker.

Notes
23
Quotation Marks in a Dived Quotation

• Use quotations before and after each part of a
  quotation.
• The first baseball game between two organized
  teams, Mr. Pennebaker explained, was in
  Hoboken, New Jersey.
• When the second part of a quotation is a new
  sentence, capitalize.
• In 1845 Alexander Cartwright signed the
  Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York, Mr.
  Pennebaker told us. He is known as the father of
  organized baseball.

Notes
24
Quotation Marks in Long Quotations

• If a speakers words continue for more than one
  paragraph, each paragraph should begin with a
  quotation mark. However, a closing quotation
  mark should only be used at the end of the entire
  quotation.
• Sonia said, Who do you think has the record
  for the most homeruns in a season? Is it Babe
  Ruth, Joe DiMaggio, Sammy Sosa, or Mark McGwire?
• Babe Ruth is my favorite.

Notes
25
Quotations Marks with Other Punctuation

• Period or Comma - inside the quotation
• He told us, The Cincinnati Red Stockings were
  the first professional baseball team,.
• Question Mark or Exclamation Point
• Inside the quotation if the quote is a question
  or exclamation
• You know that baseball is considered the national
  past time, dont you?
• Outside the quotation if the sentences containing
  the quote is the question or exclamation
• Do you think anyone here knows the song Take Me
  Out to the Ball Game?

Notes
26
Quotations Marks with Other Punctuation Cont.

• Colon or Semicolon outside the quotation
• Baseball used from the mid-1800s until about 1920
  were dead when hit, they didnt travel as far
  as those used today.

Notes
27
Quotation Marks in Dialogue

• Begin a new paragraph each time a speaker
  changes, and use a separate set of quotation
  marls for each speakers words.
• Im playing outfield, she said. I dont
  like the responsibility of having a base.
• Yeah, I can understand that, I said,
  though I couldnt.
• There is a band in Dixford tomorrow night at
  night. Want to go?

Notes
28
Quotation Marks around Titles

• Use quotation marks around the titles of magazine
  articles, chapters, short stories, TV episodes,
  essays, short poems, and songs.

Notes
29
Practice with Quotation Marks

• Whoever wants to know the heart and mind of
  America on famous educator write had better learn
  baseball.
• Most young Americans learn about this game, and
  they delight in stories about legendary players
  like Babe Ruth and Joe DiMaggio said my teacher,
  Mr. Richards.
• Babe Ruth once daringly pointed to center field
  while at bat and then smashed the next ball over
  the center-field fence.
• If Id missed that homer after calling it Babe
  Ruth later told a sportswriter Id have looked
  like an awful fool.

30
Work on Your Own

• Complete pages 618-619, Activity 4 Semicolons
  and Colons
• Complete page 619, Activity 5 Quotation Marks
• This is due at the end of class, no exceptions.